A. Otto Cycle (Gasoline Engine)

A.
OTTO CYCLE (GASOLINE ENGINE)
• The ideal or air-standard cycle for spark-

ignition engine, commonly known as
gasoline engine. All spark ignition engines
are designed for gasoline fuels. This cycle
is a constant volume combustion cycle
named after Nicholas A. Otto.
Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression

Process 2-3: Isometric Heat Addition
Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4-1: Isometric Heat Rejection
ANALYSIS OF OTTO CYCLE
•
•
• Compression ratio, in an internal- combustion engine, is the degree to
which the fuel mixture is compressed before ignition. It is defined as
the maximum volume of the combustion chamber (with the piston
farthest out, or bottom dead center) divided by the volume with the
piston in the full compression position (with the piston nearest the
head of the cylinder or top dead center). The maximum possible ratio
based on cylinder dimensions may not be achieved if the intake valve
closes after the piston begins its compression stroke, as this would
cause backflow of the combustible mixture from the cylinder. A high
ratio promotes efficiency, but may cause engine knock.
• Compared to gas with a high octane rating, gasoline that has a
low octane rating is more likely to auto-ignite due to high air-
charge temperatures and pressures. This kind of uncontrolled
combustion is called knocking.
• Knocking are sharp sounds caused by premature combustion
of part of the compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.
• An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of
the performance of an engine or aviation fuel. The higher the
octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand
before detonating.
• Clearance volume is a volume when between the cylinder
head and the piston top when the piston is at top dead center
(TDC).
• The Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) is a theoretical parameter
used to measure the performance of an internal combustion
engine (ICE). The mean effective pressure can be regarded as
an average pressure in the cylinder for a complete engine
cycle. By definition, mean effective pressure is the ratio
between the work and engine displacement.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An Otto cycle operates 1 kg of air from 101.325 kPa

and 25 deg. C at the beginning of compression. If the
clearance is 15 %, find the temperature at the end of
compression.
2. An Otto cycle operates at 0.5 lb/s of air from 15 psia
and 150 deg. F, at the beginning of compression. The
compression ratio is 4.3; hot air standard k=1.3.
Determine the volume at the end of compression.
3. The compression ratio of an engine working on the
constant volume cycle is 9.3 to 1. At the beginning of
compression, the temperature is 31 deg. C and at the
end of combustion, the temperature is 1205 deg. C.
Taking the compression and expansion to be adiabatic
and the value of k as 1.4. Calculate the thermal
efficiency.
4. In an air standard OTTO cycle, the clearance volume

is 18% of the displacement volume. Find the thermal
efficiency.
5. In an air-standard Otto cycle, the compression ratio
is 7 and the compression begins at 35 deg. C and 0.1
MPa. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1100
deg. C. Find (a) the temperature and the pressure at
various points in the cycle, (b) the heat supplied per kg
of air, (c) work done per kg of air, (d) the cycle
efficiency and (e) the MEP of the cycle.
6. An ideal air-standard Otto cycle engine has a
compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa,
27°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is supplied during the
constant volume heat addition process. Calculate the
following:
• the temperature, volume and pressure of the air at
the end of each process (in K, m3 and kPa)
• the net work output/cycle [kJ/kg], and
• the thermal efficiency of this engine cycle
B. DIESEL CYCLE
• In the 1890s, a German

inventor, Rudolf Diesel has
patented his invention of an
efficient, slow burning,
compression ignition, internal
combustion engine. The original
cycle proposed by Rudolf Diesel
was a constant temperature cycle.
In later years Diesel realized his
original cycle would not work and
he adopted the constant pressure
cycle, which is known as
the Diesel cycle.
Diesel cycle is one of most common thermodynamic cycles that can
be found in automobile engines and describes the functioning of a
typical compression ignition piston engine. The Diesel engine is
similar in operation to the gasoline engine. The most important
difference is that:
• There is no fuel in the cylinder at the beginning of the compression
stroke, therefore an auto-ignition does not occur in Diesel engines.
• Diesel engine uses compression ignition instead of spark ignition.
• Because of the high temperature developed during the adiabatic
compression, the fuel ignites spontaneously as it is injected.
Therefore no spark plugs are needed.
• Before the beginning of the power stroke, the injectors start to inject
fuel directly into the combustion chamber and therefore first part of
power stroke occurs approximately at the constant pressure.
• Higher compression ratios can be achieved in Diesel engines, than
in Otto engines
• In an ideal Diesel cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a
series of four processes: two isentropic (reversible adiabatic)
processes alternated with one isochoric process and one isobaric
process.
• Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression
• Process 2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition
• Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
• Process 4-1: Isometric Heat Rejection
ANALYSIS OF DIESEL CYCLE
•
•=
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• What is the efficiency of the Diesel engine if the heat added during
the constant pressure combustion is 19 BTU and the heat rejected is
9 BTU.
• If the compression ratio and the cut-off ratio of a Diesel engine are
15 and 3 respectively, what is the expansion ratio?
• An idealized air-standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15.
The energy input is idealized as a heat transfer of 700 Btu/lb m. The
inlet conditions are 70 ºF at 1 atm. Find (a) the pressure and
temperature at the end of each process in the cycle (in ºR and in
atm) and (b) the cut-off ratio (c) determine the cycle efficiency.
• In a Diesel Cycle, the compression ratio is 15. Compression
begins at 0.1 Mpa, 40 deg. C. The heat added is 1.675
MJ/kg. Find (a) the maximum temperature in the cycle, (b)
the work done per kg of air (c) the cycle efficiency (d) the
temperature at the end of isentropic expansion (e) the cut-off
ratio and (f) the MEP of the cycle.
• The compression ratio in a Diesel engine is 13 to 1 and the
ratio of expansion is 6.5 to 1. At the beginning of
compression, the temperature is 32 deg. C. Assuming
adiabatic compression and expansion, calculate the ideal
thermal efficiency taking the specific heats at constant
pressure and volume as 1.005 kJ/kg-K and 0.718 kJ/kg-K
respectively.
ACTUAL OTTO CYCLE
• An air-standard spark ignition engine has a compression ratio

of 9. At the beginning of compression, air is at 14.4 psia and
80 o F. During constant-volume heat addition 450 Btu/lbm of
heat is transferred. Calculate the maximum temperature, the
net work output and efficiency.
• If the isentropic efficiency during compression and expansion
is 92%, what is the actual thermal efficiency?
ACTUAL DIESEL CYCLE
• A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20:1 with an inlet

of 95 kPa, 290 K, with volume 0.5 L. The maximum cycle
temperature is 1800 K. If the isentropic efficiency during
compression and expansion is 85% and 90%, what is the
actual thermal efficiency?
DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
• Dual Combustion Cycle is a combination of Otto cycle and

Diesel cycle. It is sometimes called semi-diesel cycle, because
semi-diesel engines work on this cycle. In this cycle, heat is
absorbed partly at a constant volume and partly at a constant
pressure.
• The ideal dual combustion cycle consists of two reversible
adiabatic or isentropic, two constant volume and a constant
pressure processes. These processes are represented on p-v and
T-s diagrams as shown in Fig 5.13 (a) and (b) respectively.
P-V and T-S Diagram of a Dual
Combustion Cycle
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• In a dual combustion cycle, the maximum temperature is 2000

deg. C and the maximum pressure is 70 bar. Calculate the
cycle efficiency and the MEP. When the temperature and
pressure at the start of compression are 1 bar and 17 deg. C
respectively. The compression ratio is 18:1.
• An air-standard dual combustion cycle has the mean effective
pressure of 10 bar. The minimum pressure and temperature are
1 bar and 17 deg. C respectively and the compression ratio is
16:1. Calculate the maximum cycle temperature when the
efficiency is 60 %. The maximum cycle pressure is 60 bar.

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A.

OTTO CYCLE (GASOLINE ENGINE)

• The ideal or air-standard cycle for spark-

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression

1. An Otto cycle operates 1 kg of air from 101.325 kPa

4. In an air standard OTTO cycle, the clearance volume

• In the 1890s, a German

• An air-standard spark ignition engine has a compression ratio

• A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20:1 with an inlet

• Dual Combustion Cycle is a combination of Otto cycle and

• In a dual combustion cycle, the maximum temperature is 2000

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