2engine Cycle

Engine Cycles
• IC Engine combustion is an open cycle with

changing composition, a difficult system to
analyze.
• To make the analysis of the engine cycle much
more easy, the real cycle is approximated with
an ideal air-standard cycle which differs from the
actual by the following:
…Engine Cycles`
1. The gas mixture in the cylinder is treated as air

for the entire cycle, and property values of air
are used in the analysis.
2. The real open cycle is changed into a closed
cycle by assuming that the gases being
exhausted are fed back into the intake system.
3. The combustion process is replaced with a heat
addition term Qin of equal energy value. Air alone
cannot combust.
…Engine Cycles
4. The open exhaust process, which carries a

large amount of enthalpy out of the system, is
replaced with a closed system heat rejection
process Qout of equal energy value.
5. Actual engine processes are approximated
with ideal processes.
(a) The almost-constant-pressure intake and
exhaust strokes are assumed to be
constant pressure.
…Engine Cycles
(b) Compression strokes and expansion strokes are

approximated by isentropic processes.
• To be truly isentropic would require these strokes
to be reversible and adiabatic.
(c) The combustion process is idealized by a
constant-volume process (SI cycle), a constant-
pressure process (CI cycle), or a combination of
both (CI Dual cycle).
(d) Exhaust blowdown is approximated by a
constant-volume process.
(e) All processes are considered reversible.
In air-standard cycles, air is considered an ideal gas such that the following
ideal gas relationships can be used:
…Engine Cycles
…Engine Cycles
• For thermodynamic analysis the specific heats of air

can be treated as functions of temperature, which
they are, or they can be treated as constants, which
simplifies calculations at a slight loss of accuracy.
• Constant specific heat analysis will be used, because
of the large temperature range experienced during
an engine cycle, the specific heats and ratio of
specific heats k do vary by a fair amount.
At the low temperature end of a cycle during intake and start
of compression, a value of k=1.4 is correct. However, at the
end of combustion the temperature has risen and the value of
k=1.3 is more accurate.
Air flow before it enters an engine is usually closer to
standard temperature and for these conditions a value
of k=1.4
3-2 OTTO CYCLE
• The cycle of a four-stroke, SI, naturally

aspirated engine at WOT.
• The intake stroke of the Otto cycle starts with
the piston at TDC and is a constant-pressure
process at an inlet pressure of one
atmosphere (process 6-1 in Fig.3-1).
…OTTO CYCLE
• The second stroke of the cycle is the

compression stroke, which in the Otto cycle is
an isentropic compression from BDC to TDC
(process 1-2).
• This is a good approximation to compression
in a real engine, except for the very beginning
and the very end of the stroke.
…OTTO CYCLE
• The compression stroke is followed by a constant-

volume heat input process 2-3 at TDC.
• This replaces the combustion process of the real
engine cycle, which occurs at close to constant
volume conditions.
• During combustion or heat input, a large amount
of energy is added to the air within the cylinder.
This energy raises the temperature of the air to
very high values, giving peak cycle temperature at
point 3.
…OTTO CYCLE
…OTTO CYCLE
• The very high pressure and enthalpy values

within the system at TDC generate the power
stroke (or expansion stroke) which follows
combustion (process 3-4).
• High pressure on the piston face forces the piston
back towards BDC and produces the work and
power output of the engine.
• During the power stroke, values of both the
temperature and pressure within the cylinder
decrease as volume increases from TDC to BDC.
…OTTO CYCLE
• Near the end of the power stroke of a real

engine cycle, the exhaust valve is opened and
the cylinder experiences exhaust blow down.
• A large amount of exhaust gas is expelled from
the cylinder, reducing the pressure to that of
the exhaust manifold.
• A large quantity of enthalpy is carried away
with the exhaust gases, limiting the thermal
efficiency of the engine.
…OTTO CYCLE
• The Otto cycle replaces the exhaust blow down

open system process of the real cycle with a
constant-volume pressure reduction, closed-
system process 4-5.
• Enthalpy loss during this process is replaced
with heat rejection in the engine analysis.
• Pressure within the cylinder at the end of
exhaust blowdown has been reduced to about
one atmosphere,
…OTTO CYCLE
• Process 5-6 is the exhaust stroke that occurs at

a constant pressure of one atmosphere due to
the open exhaust valve.
• This is a good approximation to the real
exhaust stroke, which occurs at a pressure
slightly higher than the surrounding pressure
due to the small pressure drop across the
exhaust valve and in the exhaust system.
…Process 1-2
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2engine Cycle

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Engine Cycles

• IC Engine combustion is an open cycle with

1. The gas mixture in the cylinder is treated as air

4. The open exhaust process, which carries a

(b) Compression strokes and expansion strokes are

• For thermodynamic analysis the specific heats of air

• The cycle of a four-stroke, SI, naturally

• The second stroke of the cycle is the

• The compression stroke is followed by a constant-

• The very high pressure and enthalpy values

• Near the end of the power stroke of a real

• The Otto cycle replaces the exhaust blow down

• Process 5-6 is the exhaust stroke that occurs at

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