Associative Arrays and Strings

Associati ve Arrays,
Strings and String Operati ons

SoftUni Team
Technical Trainers
Software University
http://softuni.bg
Table of Contents
1. Associative Arrays
 Array Manipulation
 Multidimensional Arrays
2. Strings
 String Manipulation
 Regular Expressions

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Associative Arrays
Associative Arrays (Maps, Dictionaries)
 Associative arrays are arrays indexed by keys
 Not by the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …

 Hold a set of pairs <key, value>

 Traditional array  Associative array
key value
key 0 1 2 3 4 orange 2.30
value 8 -3 12 408 33 apple 1.50
tomato 3.80
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Phonebook – Associative Array Example

$phonebook = [];
$phonebook["John Smith"] = "+1-555-8976"; // Add
$phonebook["Lisa Smith"] = "+1-555-1234";
$phonebook["Sam Doe"] = "+1-555-5030";
$phonebook["Nakov"] = "+359-899-555-592";
$phonebook["Nakov"] = "+359-2-981-9819"; //

unset(phonebook["John Smith"]); // Delete

echo count(phonebook); // 3
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Associative Arrays in PHP
 Initializing an associative array:
$people = array(
'Gero' => '0888-257124', 'Pencho' => '0888-3188822');

 Accessing elements by index:

echo $people['Pencho']; // 0888-3188822

 Inserting / deleting elements:

$people['Gosho'] = '0237-51713'; // Add 'Gosho'
unset($people['Pencho']); // Remove 'Pencho'
print_r($people); // Array([Gero] => 0888-257124 [Gosho] => 0237-51713)

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Iterating Through Associative Arrays
 foreach ($array as $key => $value)
 Iterates through each of the key-value pairs in the array

$greetings = ['UK' => 'Good morning', 'France' => 'Bonjour',

'Germany' => 'Gutten tag', 'Bulgaria' => 'Ko staa'];

foreach ($greetings as $key => $value) {

echo "In $key people say \"$value\".";
echo "<br>";
}

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Problem: Sum by Town
 Read towns and incomes (like shown below) and print a array
holding the total income for each town (see below)
Sofia  Print the towns in their natural order as
20 object properties
Varna
3
Sofia
["Sofia" => "25","Varna" => "7"]
5
Varna
4
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Solution: Sum of Towns
$arr = ['Sofia','20', 'Varna','10', 'Sofia','5'];
$sums = [];
for ($i = 0; $i < count($arr); $i += 2) {
list($town, $income) = [$arr[$i], $arr[$i+1]];
if ( ! isset($sums[$town]))
$sums[$town] = $income;
else
$sums[$town] += $income; list($town,..)
} Assign variables as if
they were an array
print_r($sums);

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Problem: Counting Letters in Text
$text = "Learning PHP is fun! ";
$letters = [];
$text = strtoupper($text);
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($text); $i++) {
$char = $text[$i];
if (ord($char) >= ord('A') && ord($char) <= ord('Z')) {
if (isset($letters[$char])) {
$letters[$char]++;
} else { isset($array[$i])
$letters[$char] = 1; checks if the key exists
}
}
}
print_r($letters);
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Strings
Strings
 A string is a sequence of characters
 Can be assigned a literal constant or a variable
 Text can be enclosed in single (' ') or double quotes (" ")

<?php
$person = '<span class="person">Mr. Svetlin Nakov</span>';
$company = "<span class='company'>Software University</span>";
echo $person . ' works @ ' . $company;
?>

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String Syntax
 Single quotes are acceptable in double quoted strings
echo "<p>I'm a Software Developer</p>";

 Double quotes are acceptable in single quoted strings

echo '<span>At "Software University"</span>';

 Variables in double quotes are replaced with their value

$name = 'Nakov';
$age = 25;
$text = "I'm $name and I'm $age years old.";
echo $text; // I'm Nakov and I'm 25 years old.
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Interpolating Variables in Strings
 Simple string interpolation syntax
 Directly calling variables in double quotation marks (e.g. "$str")
 Complex string interpolation syntax
 Calling variables inside curly parentheses (e.g. "{$str}")
 Useful when separating variable from text after
$popularName = "Pesho";
echo "This is $popularName."; // This is Pesho.
echo "These are {$popularName}s."; // These are Peshos.

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Heredoc Syntax
 Heredoc syntax <<<"EOD" .. EOD;

$name = "Didko";
$str = <<<"EOD"
My name is $name and I am
very, very happy.
EOD;
echo $str;
/*
My name is Didko and I am
very, very happy.
*/
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Nowdoc Syntax
 Nowdoc syntax <<<'EOD' .. EOD;

$name = "Didko";
$str = <<<'EOD'
My name is $name and I am
very, very happy.
EOD;
echo $str;
/*
My name is $name and I am
very, very happy.
*/
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String Concatenation
 In PHP, there are two operators for combining strings:
 Concatenation operator .
 Concatenation assignment operator .=
<?php
$homeTown = "Madan";
$currentTown = "Sofia";
$homeTownDescription = "My home town is " . $homeTown . "\n";
$homeTownDescription .= "But now I am in " . $currentTown;
echo $homeTownDescription;

 The escape character is the backslash \ 17

Problem: Print String Letters
 Read a string and print its letters as shown below

SoftUni $str = "SoftUni";

if (is_string($str)) {
str[0] -> 'S' $strLength = strlen($str);
str[1] -> 'o' for ($i = 0; $i < $strLength; $i++){
str[2] -> 'f' echo "str[$i]" . " -> " .
str[3] -> 't' $str[$i] . "\n";
str[4] -> 'U' }
str[5] -> 'n' }
str[6] -> 'i'

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Manipulating Strings
Accessing Characters and Substrings
 strpos($input, $find) – a case-sensitive search
 Returns the index of the first occurrence of string in another string

$soliloquy = "To be or not be that is the question.";

echo strpos($soliloquy, "that"); // 16
echo strpos($soliloquy, "nothing"); // print nothing

 strstr($input, $find, [boolean]) – finds the first

occurrence of a string and returns everything before or after
echo strstr("This is madness!\n", "is ") ; // is madness!
echo strstr("This is madness!", " is", true); // This
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Accessing Characters and Substrings (2)
 substr($str, $position, $count) – extracts $count
characters from the start or end of a string
$str = "abcdef";
echo substr($str, 1) ."\n"; // bcdef
echo substr($str, -2) ."\n"; // ef
echo substr($str, 0, 3) ."\n"; // abc
echo substr($str, -3, 1); // d

 $str[$i] – gets a character by index

php $str = "Apples";
echo $str[2]; // p
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Counting Strings
 strlen($str) – returns the length of the string
echo strlen("Software University"); // 19

 str_word_count($str) – returns the number of words in a text

$countries = "Bulgaria, Brazil, Italy, USA, Germany";
echo str_word_count($countries); // 5

 count_chars($str) – returns an associative array holding the

value of all ASCII symbols as keys and their count as values
$hi = "Helloooooo";
echo count_chars($hi)[111]; // 6 (o = 111)
Accessing Character ASCII Values
 ord($str[$i]) – returns the ASCII value of the character
$text = "Call me Banana-man!";
echo ord($text[8]); // 66

 chr($value) – returns the character by ASCII value

$text = "SoftUni";
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($text); $i++) {
$ascii = ord($text[$i]);
$text[$i] = chr($ascii + 5);
}
echo $text; // XtkyZsn
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String Replacing
 str_replace($target, $replace, $str) – replaces all
occurrences of the target string with the replacement string
$email = "bignakov@example.com";
$newEmail = str_replace("bignakov", "juniornakov", $email);
echo $newEmail; // juniornakov@example.com

 str_ireplace($target, $replace, $str) - case-

insensitive replacing
$text = "HaHAhaHAHhaha";
$iReplace = str_ireplace("A", "o", $text);
echo $iReplace; // HoHohoHoHhoho
Case Changing
 strtolower()  – makes a string lowercase
$lan = "JavaScript";
echo strtolower($lan); // javascript

 strtoupper() – makes a string uppercase

$name = "parcal";
echo strtoupper($name); // PARCAL

 $str[$i] – access / change any character by index

$str = "Hello";
$str[1] = 'a';
echo $str; // Hallo
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Other String Functions
 strcasecmp($string1, $string2)
 Performs a case-insensitive string comparison

 strcmp() – performs a case-sensitive comparison

echo !strcmp("hELLo", "hello") ? "true" : "false"; // false

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Problem: Concatenate and Reverse Strings
 Read an array of strings, concatenate them and reverse them

I $array = ['I', 'am', 'student'];

am if (is_array($array)) {
student $result = implode("", $array);
echo strrev($result);
tnedutsmaI }
Reverse a string

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