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Introduction To HTML CSE-301 Web Programming

HTML is used to create web pages. It uses tags enclosed in angle brackets to define text formatting, images, links, and other page elements. A basic HTML page structure includes <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> tags. Common tags are used to change font styles like <b> for bold, <i> for italics, and <u> for underline. Tags are also used to create headings, paragraphs, lists, links, images, and forms. Forms allow users to enter text and select options using elements like text boxes, radio buttons, drop-down menus, and submit buttons.

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Md Ali Sami
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Introduction To HTML CSE-301 Web Programming

HTML is used to create web pages. It uses tags enclosed in angle brackets to define text formatting, images, links, and other page elements. A basic HTML page structure includes <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> tags. Common tags are used to change font styles like <b> for bold, <i> for italics, and <u> for underline. Tags are also used to create headings, paragraphs, lists, links, images, and forms. Forms allow users to enter text and select options using elements like text boxes, radio buttons, drop-down menus, and submit buttons.

Uploaded by

Md Ali Sami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to HTML

CSE-301
Web Programming
What is HTML?
• HTML, otherwise known as HyperText
Markup Language, is the language used to
create Web pages
• Using HTML, you can create a Web page
with text, graphics, sound, and video
Tags
• The essence of HTML programming is tags
• A tag is a keyword enclosed by angle
brackets ( Example: <I> )
• There are opening and closing tags for
many but not all tags; The affected text is
between the two tags
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
• HTML documents must start with a document type
definition (DTD)
– It tells web browsers what type is the served code
– Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5
• Example:
– See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list
of possible doctypes
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

4
More Tags...
• The opening and closing tags use the same
command except the closing tag contains
and additional forward slash /
• For example, the expression <B> Warning
</B> would cause the word ‘Warning’ to
appear in bold face on a Web page
Nested Tags
• Whenever you have HTML tags within
other HTML tags, you must close the
nearest tag first
• Example:
<H1> <I> The Nation </I> </H1>
Structure of a Web Page
• All Web pages share a <HTML>
<HEAD>
common structure <TITLE> Example </TITLE>
• All Web pages should </HEAD>
<BODY>
contain a pair of This is where you would include
<HTML>, <HEAD>, the text and images on your Web
page.
<TITLE>, and
</BODY>
<BODY> tags </HTML>
The <TITLE> Tag
• Choose the title of your Web page
carefully;
• The title will also appear on Favorite lists,
History lists, and Bookmark lists to identify
your page
Text Formatting
• Manipulating text in HTML can be tricky;
Oftentimes, what you see is NOT what you
get
• For instance, special HTML tags are needed
to create paragraphs, move to the next line,
and create headings
Text Formatting Tags
<B> Bold Face </B>
<I> Italics </I>
<U> Underline </U>
<P> New Paragraph </P>
<BR> Next Line
Changing the Font
• The expression <FONT FACE = “fontname”>
… </FONT> can be used to change the font of
the enclosed text
• To change the size of text use the
expression <FONT SIZE=n> …. </FONT>
where n is a number between 1 and 6
Changing the Font
• To change the color, use <FONT
COLOR=“red”>…. </FONT>; The color
can also be defined using hexadecimal
representation ( Example: #ffffff )
• These attributes can be combined to change the
font, size, and color of the text all at once; For
example, <FONT SIZE=4 FACE=“Courier”
COLOR=“red”> …. </FONT>
Headings
• Web pages are typically organized into
sections with headings; To create a heading
use the expression <Hn>….</Hn> where n
is a number between 1 and 6
• In this case, the 1 corresponds to the largest
size heading while the 6 corresponds to the
smallest size
Aligning Text
• The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the
<P> and <Hn> tags to right justify, center,
or left justify the text
• For example, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> The
New York Times </H1> would create a
centered heading of the largest size
Comment Statements
• Comment statements are notes in the HTML
code that explain the important features of
the code
• The comments do not appear on the Web
page itself but are a useful reference to the
author of the page and other programmers
• To create a comment statement use the
<!-- …. --> tags
The Infamous Blink Tag
• It is possible to make text blink using the
<BLINK> … </BLINK> tag
• However, it is best to use this feature at
most sparingly or not at all; What seems
like a good idea to a Web designer can
become very annoying to a Web user.
Page Formatting
• To define the background color, use the
BGCOLOR attribute in the <BODY> tag
• To define the text color, use the TEXT
attribute in the <BODY> tag
• To define the size of the text, type
<BASEFONT SIZE=n>
Example
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“black” TEXT=“white”>
<BASEFONT SIZE=7>
This is where you would include the text and images on your Web
page.
</BODY>
</HTML>
Inserting Images
• Type <IMG SRC = “image.ext”>, where
image.ext indicates the location of the image
file
• The WIDTH=n and HEIGHT=n attributes
can be used to adjust the size of an image
• The attribute BORDER=n can be used to add
a border n pixels thick around the image
Alternate Text
• Some browsers don’t support images. In
this case, the ALT attribute can be used to
create text that appears instead of the
image.
• Example:
<IMG SRC=“satellite.jpg” ALT = “Picture
of satellite”>
Links
• A link lets you move from one page to
another, play movies and sound, send email,
download files, and more….
• A link has three parts: a destination, a
label, and a target (_blank and _self)
• To create a link type
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>
Anatomy of a Link
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>

• In the above link, “page.html” is the


destination. The destination specifies the
address of the Web page or file the user will
access when he/she clicks on the link.
• The label is the text that will appear
underlined or highlighted on the page
Example: Links
• To create a link to CNN, I would type:
<A HREF=“http://www.cnn.com”>CNN</A>

• To create a link to MIT, I would type:


<A HREF=“http://www.mit.edu”>MIT</A>
Changing the Color of Links
• The LINK, VLINK, and ALINK attributes can
be inserted in the <BODY> tag to define the
color of a link
– LINK defines the color of links that have not been
visited
– VLINK defines the color of links that have already
been visited
– ALINK defines the color of a link when a user
clicks on it
Using Links to Send Email
• To create a link to an email address, type
<A HREF=“mailto:email_address”>
Label</A>
• For example, to create a link to send email
to myself, I would type: <A HREF=“mailto:
ktdunn@mit.edu”>email Katie Dunn</A>
Anchors
• Anchors enable a user to jump to a specific
place on a Web site
• Two steps are necessary to create an
anchor. First you must create the anchor
itself. Then you must create a link to the
anchor from another point in the document.
Anchors
• To create the anchor itself, type <A
NAME=“anchor name”>label</A> at the
point in the Web page where you want the
user to jump to
• To create the link, type <A
HREF=“#anchor name”>label</A> at the
point in the text where you want the link to
appear
Example: Anchor

<A HREF="#chap2">Chapter Two</A><BR>


Link

<A NAME="chap2">Chapter 2 </A> Anchor


Ordered Lists
• Ordered lists are a list Here’s how it would
of numbered items. look on the Web:
• To create an ordered
list, type:
<OL>
<LI> This is step one.
<LI> This is step two.
<LI> This is step three.
</OL>
More Ordered Lists….
• The TYPE=x attribute allows you to change
the the kind of symbol that appears in the
list.
– A is for capital letters
– a is for lowercase letters
– I is for capital roman numerals
– i is for lowercase roman numerals
Unordered Lists
• An unordered list is a Here’s how it would
list of bulleted items look on the Web:
• To create an unordered
list, type:
<UL>
<LI> First item in list
<LI> Second item in list
<LI> Third item in list
</UL>
More Unordered Lists...
• The TYPE=shape attribute allows you to
change the type of bullet that appears
– circle corresponds to an empty round bullet
– square corresponds to a square bullet
– disc corresponds to a solid round bullet; this is
the default value
Forms
 What are forms?
• An HTML form is an area of the document that
allows users to enter information into fields.
• A form may be used to collect personal
information, opinions in polls, user preferences
and other kinds of information.
Forms
• There are two basic components of a Web
form: the shell, the part that the user fills
out, and the script which processes the
information
• HTML tags are used to create the form
shell. Using HTML you can create text
boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, drop-
down menus, and more...
Example: Form
Text Box

Drop-down Menu
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes

Text Area

Reset Button
Submit
The Form Shell
• A form shell has three important parts:
– the <FORM> tag, which includes the address
of the script which will process the form
– the form elements, like text boxes and radio
buttons
– the submit button which triggers the script to
send the entered information to the server
Creating the Shell
• To create a form shell, type <FORM
METHOD=POST ACTION=“script_url”>
where “script_url” is the address of the
script
• Create the form elements
• End with a closing </FORM> tag
Creating Text Boxes
• To create a text box, type <INPUT
TYPE=“text” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value” SIZE=n
MAXLENGTH=n>
• The NAME, VALUE, SIZE, and
MAXLENGTH attributes are optional
Text Box Attributes
• The NAME attribute is used to identify the text
box to the processing script
• The VALUE attribute is used to specify the text
that will initially appear in the text box
• The SIZE attribute is used to define the size of
the box in characters
• The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to define
the maximum number of characters that can be
typed in the box
Example: Text Box
First Name: <INPUT • Here’s how it would
TYPE="text"
NAME="FirstName" look on the Web:
VALUE="First Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>

Last Name: <INPUT


TYPE="text"
NAME="LastName"
VALUE="Last Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
Creating Larger Text Areas
• To create larger text areas, type <TEXTAREA
NAME=“name” ROWS=n1 COLS=n2
WRAP> Default Text </TEXTAREA>, where
n1 is the height of the text box in rows and n2
is the width of the text box in characters
• The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to move
automatically to the next line as the user types
Example: Text Area
<B>Comments?</B>
<BR>
<TEXTAREA NAME="Comments" ROWS=10
COLS=50 WRAP>
</TEXTAREA>
Creating Radio Buttons
• To create a radio button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“radio” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“data”>Label, where “data” is the
text that will be sent to the server if the
button is checked and “Label” is the text
that identifies the button to the user
Example: Radio Buttons
<B> Size: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Large">Large
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Medium">Medium
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Small">Small
Creating Checkboxes
• To create a checkbox, type <INPUT
TYPE=“checkbox” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value”>Label
• If you give a group of radio buttons or
checkboxes the same name, the user will
only be able to select one button or box at a
time
Example: Checkboxes
<B> Color: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Red">Red
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"

VALUE="Navy">Navy
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Black">Black
Creating Drop-down Menus
• To create a drop-down menu, type <SELECT
NAME=“name” SIZE=n MULTIPLE>
• Then type <OPTION VALUE= “value”>Label
• In this case the SIZE attribute specifies the
height of the menu in lines and MULTIPLE
allows users to select more than one menu
option
Example: Drop-down Menu
<B>WHICH IS FAVOURITE FRUIT:</B>
<SELECT>
<OPTION VALUE="MANGOES">MANGOES
<OPTION VALUE="PAPAYA">PAPAYA
<OPTION VALUE="GUAVA">GUAVA
<OPTION VALUE="BANANA"> BANANA
<OPTION VALUE="PINEAPPLE">PINEAPPLE
</SELECT>
Creating a Submit Button
• To create a submit button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“submit”>
• If you would like the button to say
something other than submit, use the
VALUE attribute
• For example, <INPUT TYPE=“submit”
VALUE=“Buy Now!”> would create a
button that says “Buy Now!”
Creating a Reset Button
• To create a reset button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“reset”>
• The VALUE attribute can be used in the
same way to change the text that appears on
the button
Tables
• Tables can be used to display rows and
columns of data, create multi-column text,
captions for images, and sidebars
• The <TABLE> tag is used to create a table;
the <TR> tag defines the beginning of a
row while the <TD> tag defines the
beginning of a cell
Adding a Border
• The BORDER=n attribute allows you to
add a border n pixels thick around the table
• To make a solid border color, use the
BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
• To make a shaded colored border, use
BODERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”
Creating Simple Table
<TABLE BORDER=10> • Here’s how it would
<TR>
<TD>One</TD>
look on the Web:
<TD>Two</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Three</TD>
<TD>Four</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Adjusting the Width
• When a Web browser displays a table, it
often adds extra space. To eliminate this
space use the WIDTH =n attribute in the
<TABLE> and <TD> tags
• Keep in mind - a cell cannot be smaller than
its contents, and if you make a table wider
than the browser window, users will not be
able to see parts of it.
Centering a Table
• There are two ways to center a table
– Type <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER>
– Enclose the <TABLE> tags in opening and
closing <CENTER> tags
Wrapping Text around a Table
• It is possible to wrap text around a table. This
technique is often used to keep images and
captions together within an article.
• To wrap text around a table, type <TABLE
ALIGN = LEFT> to align the table to the left
while the text flows to the right.
• Create the table using the <TR>, <TD>, and
</TABLE> tags as you normally would
Adding Space around a Table
• To add space around a table, use the
HSPACE=n and VSPACE=n attributes in
the <TABLE> tag
• Example:
<TABLE HSPACE=20 VSPACE=20>
Spanning Cells Across Columns
• It is often necessary to span one cell across
many columns. For example, you would use
this technique to span a headline across the
columns of a newspaper article.
• To span a cell across many columns, type
<TD COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number
of columns to be spanned
Spanning Cells Across Rows
• To span a cell across many rows, type <TD
ROWSPAN=n>, where n is the number of
rows
Aligning Cell Content
• By default, a cell’s content are aligned
horizontally to the left and and vertically in the
middle.
• Use VALIGN=direction to change the vertical
alignment, where “direction” is top, middle,
bottom, or baseline
• Use ALIGN=direction to change the horizontal
alignment where “direction” is left, center, or right
Controlling Cell Spacing
• Cell spacing is the space between cells
while cell padding is the space around the
contents of a cell
• To control both types of spacing, use the
CELLSPACING =n and
CELLPADDING=n attributes in the
<TABLE> tag
Nesting Tables
• Create the inner table
• Create the outer table and determine which cell of
the outer table will hold the inner table
• Test both tables separately to make sure they work
• Copy the inner table into the cell of the outer table
• Don’t nest too many tables. If you find yourself
doing that, find an easier way to lay out your Web
page
Changing a Cell’s Color
• To change a cell’s color, add the
BGCOLOR=“color” attribute to the <TD>
tag
• Example:
<TD BGCOLOR=“blue”>
Dividing Your Table into
Column Groups
• You can divide your table into two kinds of
column groups: structural and non-structural.
• Structural column groups control where
dividing lines are drawn; Non-structural
groups do not
• Both let you format an entire column of cells
at once
Column Groups
• To create structural column groups, type
<COLGROUP SPAN=n> after the <TABLE> tag,
where n is the number of columns in the group
• To create non-structural column groups, type
<COL SPAN=n>, where n is the number of
columns in the group
Dividing Table into Horizontal
Sections
• You can also create a horizontal section
consisting of one or more rows. This allows
you to format the rows all at once
• To create a horizontal section, type
<THEAD>, <TBODY>, or <TFOOT>
before the first <TR> tag of the section
• Netscape does not support these tags
Controlling Line Breaks
• Unless you specify otherwise a browser will
divide the lines in a cell as it sees fit.
• The NOWRAP attribute placed within the
<TD> tag forces the browser to keep all the
text in a cell on one line
• Example:
– <TD NOWRAP>Washington, D.C.
Parting Words….
• If you can imagine a way to lay out your
page, chances are it is possible using
HTML
• When in doubt, use an HTML reference

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