Volcanic Eruption: Scientific Terms

VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
SCIENTIFIC
TERMS
MAGMA
AND
LAVA
MAGMA
Molten or partly molten

rock beneath the
surface of the earth.
LAVA
Molten rock that has reached

the Earth's surface and been
thrown out of or has flowed
from a volcano or volcanic
vent.
CALDERA
A volcanic depression formed

by the collapse of the ground
above a magma chamber,
which empties during very
large volcanic eruptions.
Pyroclastic flow
A surface-hugging eruption
cloud of very hot gas and
volcanic particles that moves
rapidly across the ground
surface, away from the vent.
Volcanic Earthquake
is an earthquake caused by the movement of

magma beneath the surface of the Earth.
Base Surge
"mixtures of fragmented
volcanic particles, hot gases
and ash that rush down the
volcanic slopes or rapidly
outward from a source vent
at high speeds."
Fissure
A large crack in the ground

allowing magma to travel up
and erupt onto the surface.
Ballistic Projectile
are volcanic materials which

are directly ejected from the
volcano's vent with force and
trajectory.
Volcanic Tsunami
A surge of water with a long

wavelength produced by the
displacement of a body of
water.
Lahar
are part of the family of

debris flows that are fluids
composed of mixtures of
water and particles of all sizes
from clay-size to gigantic
boulders.
Types of
Volcanic
Eruption
occurs when steam
Phreatic is produced from
no new magma is
Eruption the contact of cold
produced.
groundwater with
hot rock or magma.
Only fragments of
Example
preexisting solid
Taal Volcano
rock in the volcano
Eruption (2020)
are expelled.
the USGS says a phreatic eruption is

“generally weak.”
Phreato
magmatic An eruption resulting from the
eruption interaction of new magma or lava with
water and can be very explosive.
Example
Taal Volcano Eruption (1965)
Strombolian smallest type of consist of
eruption explosive intermittent,
eruptions generally
relatively small
explosions or
weak pulsating
EXAMPLE
fountains of fluid
Mayon Volcano (usually basaltic)
(2018) lava from a single
vent or crater.
Vulcanian Brief intense eruption with the
eruption magma ejected being relatively small
in volume
Example
Guagua Pachincha Volcano Eruption
(1999)
Plinian Known as the most
eruption powerful type of characterized by
eruption continuous gas
blasts and
explosive ejection
of viscous lava,
EXAMPLE gas-rich magma,
and large volumes
Mt. St. Helen in of volcanic rock
Washington (1980) known as pumice.
Characterized by
Ultra Plinian Known as the most
ash plumes that
eruption disastrous type of
reach over 25 km
eruption
high
The volume of
erupted materials Example
ranges from 10 krakatoa Eruption
km3 to 1000 km3 (1883)
in size
EXAMPLE
Mt. Pinatubo (1991)
TIMELINE: Taal Volcano
eruptions since 1572
recorded 34 eruptions
types of Eruption
phreatic and
strombolian
phreatomagmatic
Phreatomagmatic Binintiang Malaki
Phreatic Eruption was formed during
eruption
this eruption.
occurred at
the main erupted at
1572 crater of the 1707 Binintiang Malaki
volcano. crater
occurred at
the main occurred at
1591 & crater of the Calauit, September 21,
1641 volcano. 1716
Phreatomagmatic
Phreatic Eruption
eruption
recorded as “very
Phreatomagmatic Phreatomagmatic violent” (tephra fall,
eruption Eruption base
surges, projectiles,
Separate acid rain, shock waves)
eruptions
1709, occurred at its August 11, Affected areas
Taal Volcano
1729 Binintiang 1749 erupted at Island and
lakeshore towns of
Munti crater the main Taal, Sala, and
Tanauan.
crater
eruption Phreatomagmat
happened in ic/Plinian May 15 to December 5,
1731 Pira-Piraso eruption 1754
base surge, erupted at

Phreatomagmatic the main Taal Volcano’s
Eruption tephra fall biggest eruption
crater
Separate eruptions 1808 and 1874 Phreatomagmatic
occurred at the main eruptions were
crater phreatomagmatic
Eruption leaving 200
casualties
1790, 1808, 1825, 1842,

1878 and September 28 to
1873, 1874, 1878, 1903,
1904 were 30, 1965
1904 erupted at
phreatic
Mt. Tabaro
Tephra fall & projectiles, tephra fall &

ashfall (25-80 cm thick projectiles,
January 27 to deposit) base surges, acid ahsfall (25 cm
February 10, 1911 rain, shock waves, fissuring thick deposit)
A phreatic and “very base surge,
Phivolcs acid rain,
violent” eruption
recorded 1,335 shock waves
occurred at the main
casualties
crater
Phreatomagmatic tephra fall Mild Phreatic
eruption & Eruption
projectiles
September 3, 1970;
July 5, 1966; August occurred at September 3, 1976;
16, 1967 Mt. Tabaro erupted at
October 3, 1977
crater Mt. Tabaro
crater
occurred at Causing
January 31, 1968;
Mt. Tabaro Tephra falls
October 29, 1969 crater.
The only Strambolian Lava flow and fountaining

Eruption recorded happened
2020 TAAL VOLCANO ERUPTION
Phivolcs raise its alert status to Level 2 at 2:30 pm
JANUARY and by 7:30 Pm they raised the status to Alert Level 4
12
Phreatic eruption
JANUARY Phivolcs observed lava fountains

13 Phreatomagmatic eruption
Phivolcs said surface activity of the Taal Volcano's main
JANUARY crater slightly eased, and fewer emissions were seen from
14 Taal Volcano. And a total of 335 volcanic earthquakes were
recorded.
The volcano’s ongoing eruption generated dark gray
JANUARY
columns of ash and hot magma, towering to an
15 estimated 1,000 meters.
Portions of Pansipit River had dried up
Major river system of Taal

Causes
Pansipit River dried up possibly because of
the swelling or bulging of the ground in the
area
absorbed by the fissures

Taal Volcano showed “weak” emission but
JANUARY
“intense” tremors persisted as magma was still
16
rising.
JANUARY Alert Level 4 stayed, as a hazardous eruption remained

17- 25 possible within hours to days.
Phivolcs downgraded Taal Volcano’s status to Alert Level 3,

JANUARY
but said the unrest has not yet stopped and that people should
26 remain cautious.
Prepared by:
FRANCIS A. DE LA CRUZ
BSED-III

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VOLCANIC

Molten or partly molten

Molten rock that has reached

A volcanic depression formed

is an earthquake caused by the movement of

A large crack in the ground

are volcanic materials which

A surge of water with a long

are part of the family of

the USGS says a phreatic eruption is

base surge, erupted at

1790, 1808, 1825, 1842,

Tephra fall & projectiles, tephra fall &

The only Strambolian Lava flow and fountaining

JANUARY Phivolcs observed lava fountains

Portions of Pansipit River had dried up

Major river system of Taal

absorbed by the fissures

JANUARY Alert Level 4 stayed, as a hazardous eruption remained

Phivolcs downgraded Taal Volcano’s status to Alert Level 3,

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