URBANISATION

Urban, Rural and it’s connotations

Issues of urbanisation
Urbanisation in India
HOW DOES INDIA DEFINE
“URBAN”?
 Census of India 2011, the definition of urban
area:
 Allplaces with a Municipality, Corporation,
Cantonment Board or Notified Town Area
Committee, etc. - STATUTORY TOWNS
 All other places which satisfied the following
criteria - CENSUS TOWNS
 A minimum population of 5,000;
 At least 75 per cent of the male main working
population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
 A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq.
km.
HOW DOES INDIA DEFINE
“RURAL”?
 The census defines “rural” as
area/settlement other than urban
 URBAN -RURAL DIFFERENCE??
Indicator Urban Rural
Population Dense & Concentrated Disperse
Higher literacy levels and Lower literacy levels
more workforce Less workforce specialisation
specialisation Agrarian based economy
Services: Commerce, health, Concentrated Few
education, banking, liberal Dense Disperse
professionals (physicians, Diverse In some cases, of inferior
lawyers) quality
Vital lines: Electricity grid, High density Low density
aqueducts, communication,
gas pipelines, fuel storage
systems, bridges, road
network, others
 Indicator Urban Rural
Cost of land High Low
Power Place where public and corporate Local governments, almost always
authorities are located and have limited resources and
where decisions affecting the governance in the territory is low
rest of the territory are made

Environment Artificial predominates natural Ecosystems in rural areas have

been modified by humans;
however, the predominance of
artificial over natural does not
exist to the extent that it does in
cities.
CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN
AREAS
Population Distribution as per Census
of India, 2011 Classification Population
Metropolitan Million Plus
Class I 1 lakh to 10 lakhs
Class II 50,000 to 1 lakh
Class III 20,000 to 50,000
Class IV 10,000 to 20,000
Class V 5000 to 10,000

Distribution between Categories of Class VI 3000 to 5000

Urban Settlements
SOME OTHER “URBAN”
CONCEPTS
 Urbanisation:
 Urbanization isthe increasing number of people
that migrate from rural to urban areas. It
predominantly results in the physical growth of
urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical.
 Urban Agglomeration:
 Anurban agglomeration is a continuous urban
spread constituting a town and its adjoining
outgrowths (OGs). Examples: Greater Mumbai UA,
Delhi UA, etc..
 Periurban context:
 Consideredan incipient, urban, slightly structured
space located on the periphery of the city.
 Rururban context:
 Infully rural contexts, these are considered
elements fully urban in origin or typology. The
rapid process of urbanization through the
establishment of industries, urban traits and
facilities have decreased the differences
between villages & cities.
 Vorurban context:
A marginal space, originally rural which
‘agonises’ on the brink of urban and rural. It is
possible to see rural ‘islands’ in the middle of all
the urban structure in large cities.
BASIC FEATURE AND PATTERN
OF INDIA'S URBANIZATION
 Urbanization is not due to urban pull but due
to rural push.
 Urbanization is mainly a product of
demographic explosion and poverty induced
rural - urban migration.
 Rapid urbanization leads to massive growth
of slum followed by poverty, unemployment,
exploitation, inequalities, degradation in the
quality of urban life and environment.
 The pattern of urbanization in India is
characterized by continuous concentration of
population and activities in large cities.
BENEFITS OF URBANISATION
 Improvement in economy
 Growth of commercial activities
 Social & cultural integration
 Efficient services
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
URBANISATION
 Unaffordable housing
 Unemployment and rapid increase of the
informal sector
 Development of slums – urban poverty
 Added pressure on existing infrastructure
 Air land and water pollution
 Traffic congestion and noise pollution
 Increase in crime (a result of depriviation)
 Loss of forest cover, agricultural land
 Urban sprawl and suburbanisation
WHERE DO WE STAND TODAY?? WHERE ARE WE HEADING??
URBANISATION IN
MAHARASHTRA
DENSITY AS A MEASUREMENT
OF URBANISATION
 Mumbai (sub-urban) and Mumbai districts tops
in density of population with about 20,980 and
19,652 population per sq. Km. respectively.

 In Thane the density is 1,157 whereas Pune

(603) and Kolhapur (504) are the other districts
with a density more than 500.

 Gadchiroli stands with the lowest density at 74

followed by Sindhudurg (163), Chandrapur
(193) and Ratnagiri (197).
URBANISATION MAHARASHTRA :
2001-2011
 The share of urban population which was 42.4
percent in 2001 has increased to 45.2 percent
during 2011.
 This makes an addition of 57,78,427 in rural
and 97,17,279 in urban during 2001-11.
 Though the growth rate of urban population is
more than the rural growth rate but the rural-
urban difference is shrinking slowly.
 The rate of growth in rural, which was 15.25
percent in 1991-01 became 10.36 percent in
2001-11 whereas the same in urban decreased
from 34.57 to 23.64 percent.
 HISTORY OF
URBANISATION IN INDIA
 1687- 88, the first municipal corporation in
India was set up at Madras
 1726 - Bombay and Calcutta
 1882,a resolution was passed and according
to which, panchayat were to be formed at
village level, district boards, taluq boards
and municipalities also came into existence
 Lord Ripon was the then Viceroy of India, and
is thus known as father of local self-
government in India.
PLANNING COMMISSION
 Urbanization since independence has been
focused through respective five year plans
 From 1947 to 2014, the Indian economy was
premised on the concept of planning. This
was carried through the Five-Year Plans,
developed, executed, and monitored by
the Planning Commission (1951 – 2014)
 First two plan focused on institution and
organization building and same was instructed to
the states to do.For ex. Delhi development
Authority, Town and country planning
organization came during this period.
 Third plan (1961-66) was turning point in urban
planning history, as it emphasized on importance
of towns and cities in balanced regional
development. So, it advised urban planning to
adopt regional approach. It also emphasized the
need for urban land regulation, checking of urban
land prices, preparation of master plan, etc.
 Forth plan (1969-74), continued with the theme of
third plan and development plans for 72 urban areas
were undertaken. Regional studies in respect of
metropolitan regions around Delhi, Mumbai and
Calcutta were initiated.
 During fifth plan, urban land ceiling act was passed in
1976. It also advised the state governments to create
metropolitan planning regions to take care of the
growing areas outside administrative city limits.
Mumbai metropolitan region development authority
(MMRDA) in 1974 and Housing and urban development
cooperation in 1975 were established. It also
emphasized the urban and industrial decentralization.
 The sixth five year (1978-83) plan stressed the need
to develop small and medium sized towns (less than
1 lakh), and a scheme of Integrated development of
Small and Medium towns(IDSMT) was launched in
1979 by central government.
 During the seventh plan, some important
institutional developments were done, which
shaped the urban development policy and planning.
 65th constitutional amendment was introduced in Lok
Sabha in 1989, this was first attempt to give urban local
bodies a constitutional status with three tier federal
structure. But it was not passed and was finally passed
in 1992 as 74th constitutional amendment act and came
into force in 1993.
 During Eighth plan, the Mega city scheme was
introduced in 1993-94 covering five mega cities of
Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. 
 The ninth plan, continued with the schemes of the
eighth plan and also emphasized on decentralization
and financial autonomy of urban local bodies. A new
program called Swarna jayanti Shahari Rozgar yojna
(SJSRY) in 1997 with two sub plan– 1. Urban self-
employment program and 2. Urban wage employment
programme, i.e. targeting for urban poverty reduction
and employment. It was decided by central government
to revamp SJSRY in 2013 as National urban Livelihood
Mission (NULM).
 The Tenth plan(2002-07) recognized the fact
that urbanization played a key role in
accelerating the economic growth in 1980s and
1990s as a result of the economic liberalization
and also stressed that without strengthening
the urban local bodies, the goal of urbanization
cannot be achieved.
 NNURM(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewal
mission) in 2005 for focused and integrated
development of the urban infrastructure and
services, initially for 63 cities. This program was to
be continued till 2012, but it has been extended,
covering more number of cities.
 The eleventh plan (2007-2012) introduced
some innovative changes through capacity
building, increasing the efficiency and
productivity of the cities, dismantling the
monopoly of public sector over urban
infrastructure, using technology as a tool for
rapid urbanization.
 RajivAwas Yojana, was launched in 2011 for
creating “slum free India” as a pilot project for
two years. 
 The twelfth five year plan (2012-2017) proposed to
consolidate JNNURM and envisaged its wider role in urban
reforms. During twelfth plan , the components of JNNURM
are :-
 Urban infrastructure governance(UIG)
 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
 Slum rehabilitation in cities not covered under RAY
 Capacity building
 The plan has also highlighted the reasons which are acting
as hurdles in the success of the program as:-
 Failure to mainstream the urban planning 
 Incomplete reform and slow progress in project implementation
 Delay in securing land for projects
 Delay in getting approval from various regulators
NITI AAYOG
 In 2015, the Government has replaced
Planning Commission with a new institution
named NITI Aayog (National Institution for
Transforming India). 
 “The centre-to-state one-way flow of policy,
that was the hallmark of the Planning
Commission era, is now sought to be
replaced by a genuine and continuing
partnership of states.”
 NITI will act more like a think tank or forum, in
contrast with the Commission which prepared
five-year-plans and allocated resources to hit
set economic/social developmental targets
 The States will now have a greater say.
Previously it was the Planning Commission that
formulated plans and then asked the States to
implement them (provided they agreed), this
time the States themselves will be able to
actively participate in the planning so that
there is no communication gap and the plans
can be implemented effectively……………