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19EC2105 ADC: Pulse Modulation Systems

This document discusses different types of pulse modulation systems including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM involves modulating the amplitude of regularly spaced rectangular pulses according to an input signal. PWM varies the width of carrier pulses based on the modulating signal. PPM modulates the position of pulses by changing the time interval between uniformly spaced pulses. The document provides an overview of how each modulation technique works, including the generation, demodulation, advantages, and disadvantages of PAM, PWM, and PPM. It describes the basic sampling and reconstruction processes used in PAM and discusses applications of sample and hold circuits.

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Ali Baig
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22 views

19EC2105 ADC: Pulse Modulation Systems

This document discusses different types of pulse modulation systems including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM involves modulating the amplitude of regularly spaced rectangular pulses according to an input signal. PWM varies the width of carrier pulses based on the modulating signal. PPM modulates the position of pulses by changing the time interval between uniformly spaced pulses. The document provides an overview of how each modulation technique works, including the generation, demodulation, advantages, and disadvantages of PAM, PWM, and PPM. It describes the basic sampling and reconstruction processes used in PAM and discusses applications of sample and hold circuits.

Uploaded by

Ali Baig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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19EC2105

ADC
Pulse Modulation Systems
Outlines
 Introduction

 PAM

 PWM

 PPM

 Comparison
Introduction
AM, FM and PM : Continuous Carrier wave,
Frequency translation.
Pulse Modulation: Pulse carrier wave, short
distance.
Pulse Modulated waves are rich in d.c and low
frequency components.
Direct transmission of Pulse modulated signal is
very difficult.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Sampling Process
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PAM may be defined as the type of modulation in
which the amplitudes of regularly spaced
rectangular pulses vary according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
The pulses of PAM signal may be flat type or natural
type.
PAM is two step process.
1. Instantaneous
Sampling
2. Lengthening
1. Instantaneous 2. Lengthening
Sampling

 
s (t )  m(t ) h(t )  m(t ) 
n
h(t  nTs )   m(nTs )h(t  nTs )
n

S ( f )  fs  M ( f  kf s ) H ( f )
k 
PAM Generation
PAM Demodulation

H ( f )  T sinc( f T ) e  j fT
Reconstruction Filter: LPF

Equalizer: Compensate for magnitude distortion


and phase delay
Equalizer

The equalizer has the effect of decreasing the in-band loss of


the reconstruction filter as the frequency increases in such a
manner as to compensate for the aperture effect.

 Designed with acoustics in


mind, to “equalize” all of the
sound frequencies.
Advantages of PAM
 It is the base for all digital modulation techniques
and it is simple process for both modulation and
demodulation technique.
 No complex circuitry is required for both
transmission and reception. Transmitter and
receiver circuitry is simple and easy to construct.
 PAM can generate other pulse modulation signals
and can carry the message or information at same
time.
Dis-advantages of PAM
 Bandwidth is high.
 Since the noise affects the amplitude of the
waveform, like AM, PAM is also less immune to
noise.
 PAM waveform has pulses with varying amplitude
and therefore power required to transmit them is not
constant. This requires that the transmitter must be
able to handle the power required to transmit pulse
having maximum amplitude.
Sample and Hold
The sample and hold circuit generates the samples of
the analogue input signal and holds the latest
sampled values for definite time and reflects it at the
output.
Application of Sample and Hold Circuit
1.Data Distribution System
2.Sampling Oscilloscopes
3.Data Conversion System
4.Digital Voltmeters
5.Analog Signal Processing
6.Signal Constructional Filters
Pulse Time Modulation
Pulse Time Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Duration Modulation
Pulse Length Modulation
_____
1 T
Pulse Train p (t )   p(t ) dt
T 0
1  DT T
pmin dt 
_____
p(t )    pmax dt  
T 0 DT 
1
  D  T  pmax  T (1  D) pmin   D  pmax  (1  D ) pmin
T
Pulse Width Modulation
In PWM, the width of the
carrier pulses is varied
in accordance with the
modulating signal
Direct Method
Indirect Method of PWM

Spectrum of PWM
Demodulation of PWM
PWM Demodulator
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
PPM
PPM Demodulation
Comparison
End

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