03/22/14

INTRODUCTION
Modulation is the process of frequency

translation in which any one parameter(Amplitude, frequency or phase) of high frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of low frequency modulating signal. Modulation is either analog or digital.

03/22/14

INTRODUCTION
Many signals in modern communication

systems are digital Additionally, analog signals are transmitted digitally Digitizing a signal results in reduced distortion and improvement in signal-tonoise ratios
03/22/14 3

INTRODUCTION
A digital signal is superior to an analog

signal ecause it is more ro ust to noise and can easily e recovered, corrected and amplified. !or this reason, the tendency today is to change an analog signal to digital data. "he process of transmitting signals in the form of pulses (discontinuous signals) y using special techniques.
03/22/14 4

PULSE MODULATION INCLUDES

# # # # #

Pulse Amplitude Modulation Pulse Width Modulation Pulse Position Modulation Pulse Code Modulation Delta Modulation

03/22/14

PULSE MODULATION
Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude (PAM Pulse Width (PWM Pulse Position (PPM

03/22/14

Pulse Code (PCM Delta Modulation(DM

Sampling
"he process of transmitting signals in the

form of pulses (discontinuous signals) y using special techniques. "he signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample is propotional to the amplitude of signal at that instant."his technique is called $sampling%. &ampling is common in all pulse modulation techniques.
03/22/14 7

Sampling

Analog signal is sampled every "& secs. "s is referred to as the sampling interval. fs ' ()"s is called the sampling rate or

sampling frequency. "here are * sampling methods+ ,deal - an impulse at each sampling instant -atural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude !lat top - sample and hold, li.e natural ut with single amplitude value
03/22/14 8

Th!ee di""e!ent sampling methods "or PCM

4.9

03/22/14

Sampling Rate
# -yquist showed that it is possi le to

reconstruct a and-limited signal from periodic samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least twice the frequency of the of highest frequency component of the signal i.e. fs / 0fm where fs is sampling rate # &ampling rates that are too low result in aliasing or "oldo#e!
03/22/14 10

Sampling

03/22/14

11

Sampling
&ampling alone is not a digital technique "he immediate result of sampling is a

pulse$amplitude modulation (PAM signal 1AM is an analog scheme in which the amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling Another analog pulse-forming technique is .nown as pulse$du!ation modulation (PDM % "his is also .nown as pulse$&idth modulation (PWM Pulse$position modulation is closely related to 1DM
03/22/14 12

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

,n 1AM,amplitude of pulses is varied in

accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.

03/22/14

13

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

"he carrier is in the form of narrow pulses having frequency fs."he uniform sampling ta.es place in multiplier to generate 1AM signal.&amples are placed "s sec away from each other.
Modulating Signal

Lo& Pass 'ilte!

Multiplie!

PAM Signal

03/22/14

Pulse t!ain gene!ato!

14

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Depending upon the shape and polarity

of the sampled pulses, 1AM is of two types, Natu!al PAM sampling occurs when top portion of the pulses are su 2ected to follow the modulating wave.

03/22/14

15

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

'lat topped PAM sampling is often used

ecause of the ease of generating the modulated wave. ,n this pulses have flat tops after modulation.

03/22/14

16

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

"he 1AM signal can e detected y

passing it through a low pass filter.

03/22/14

Fig

17

Pulse Width Modulation

,n this type, the amplitude is maintained

constant ut the width of each pulse is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of the analog signal.

03/22/14

18

Pulse Width Modulation

Fig:
03/22/14 19

Pulse Width Modulation

"hat is why the information is contained in

width variation. "his is similar to !M. ,n pulse width modulation (13M), the width of each pulse is made directly proportional to the amplitude of the information signal.

03/22/14

20

Pulse Width Modulation

03/22/14

21

Pulse Width Modulation

A simple method to generate the 13M

pulse train corresponding to a given signal is the intersective 13M+ the signal (here the green sinewave) is compared with a sawtooth waveform ( lue). 3hen the latter is less than the former, the 13M signal (magenta) is in high state ((). 4therwise it is in the low state (5).
03/22/14 22

Pulse Width Modulation

"he loc. diagram of ne6t slide can e

used for generation of 13M as well as 11M.,n this case a sawtooth signal of frequency fs is a sampling signal. ,t is applied to inverting terminal of a comparator with modulating signal at non inverting terminal. 4)1 remains high as long as modulating signal is higher than that of ramp signal.
03/22/14 23

Pulse Width Modulation

03/22/14

24

Pulse Position Modulation

,n this type, the sampled waveform has

fi6ed amplitude and width whereas the position of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of the analog signal. 11M signal is further modification of a 13M signal.

03/22/14

25

Pulse Position Modulation

03/22/14

26

Pulse Position Modulation

"he vertical dotted lines shown in last slide

treated as reference lines. "he 11M pulses mar.ed (,0 and * go away from their respective reference lines."his corresponds to increase in modulating signal amplitude. "hen as modulating signal decreases the 11M pulses 7,8,9,: come closer to their respective reference lines.
03/22/14 27

Pulse Position Modulation

# "he 11M signal can e generated from

03/22/14

13M signal. # "he 13M pulses o tained at the comparator output are applied to a monosta le multivi rator which is ;ve edge # triggered. # <ence for each trailing edge of 13M signal, the monosta le output goes high.,t remains high for a fi6ed time decided y its own => components.

28

Pulse Position Modulation

"hus as the trailing edges of the 13M

signal .eeps shifting in propotion with the modulating signal,the 11M pulses also .eep shifting. "herefore all the 11M pulses have the same amplitude and width."he information is conveyed via changing position of pulses.
03/22/14 29

Digital Pulse Modulation

Me!its o" Digital Communi(ation)

(.Digital signals are very easy to receive. "he receiver has to 2ust detect whether the pulse is low or high. 0.AM ? !M signals ecome corrupted over much short distances as compared to digital signals. ,n digital signals, the original signal can e reproduced accurately.
03/22/14 30

Digital Pulse Modulation

#

Me!its o" Digital Communi(ation

*."he signals lose power as they travel, which is called attenuation. 3hen AM and !M signals are amplified, the noise also get amplified. @ut the digital signals can e cleaned up to restore the quality and amplified y the regenerators. 7."he noise may change the shape of the pulses ut not the pattern of the pulses.
03/22/14 31

Digital Pulse Modulation

Merits of Digital >ommunication+

8.AM and !M signals can e received y any one y suita le receiver. @ut digital signals can e coded so that only the person, who is intended for, can receive them. 9.AM and !M transmitters are Areal time systemsB. i.e. they can e received only at the time of transmission. @ut digital signals can e stored at the receiving end. :."he digital signals can e stored.
03/22/14 32

Digital Pulse Modulation

"he process of &ampling which we have

already discussed in initial slides is also adopted in Digital pulse modulation. ,t is mainly of two types+ 1ulse >ode Modulation(1>M) Delta Modulation(DM)

03/22/14

33

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

1ulse->ode Modulation (1>M) is the most

commonly used digital modulation scheme ,n 1>M, the availa le range of signal voltages is divided into levels and each is assigned a inary num er Cach sample is represented y a inary num er and transmitted serially "he num er of levels availa le depends upon the num er of its used to e6press the sample value "he num er of levels is given y+ N = 2m
03/22/14

34

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

1>M consists of three steps to digitize

an analog signal+ (. &ampling 0. Duantization *. @inary encoding @efore we sample, we have to filter the signal to limit the ma6imum frequency of the signal .!iltering should ensure that we do not distort the signal, ie remove high frequency components that affect the signal shape.
03/22/14 35

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

03/22/14

"he asic elements of a 1>M system.

36

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

Analog to digital converter employs two techniques+ (. &ampling+ "he process of generating pulses of zero width and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal. "he no. of pulses per second is called $sampling rate%.

03/22/14

37

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

0. Duantization+ "he process of dividing the ma6imum value of the analog signal into a fi6ed no. of levels in order to convert the 1AM into a @inary >ode. "he levels o tained are called $quanization levels%.

03/22/14

38

* o l t a g e L e # e l s
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Sampling/ 0uanti1ation and Coding

Time
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000

Time

+ i n a ! ,

C o d e s

* o l t a g e
03/22/14

-.-.-...-.....-.-.-.-

Time

39

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM

03/22/14

40

0uanti1ation
@y quantizing the 1AM pulse, original

03/22/14

signal is only appro6imated "he process of converting analog signals to 1>M is called quantizing &ince the original signal can have an infinite num er of signal levels, the quantizing process will produce errors called 2uanti1ing e!!o!s or 2uanti1ing noise

41

0uanti1ation

03/22/14

"wo types of quantization+ (a) midtread and (b) midrise

42

0uanti1ation
Coding and Decoding The process of con er!ing an ana"og signa"

in!o #C$ is ca""ed coding% !he in erse opera!ion is ca""ed decoding &o!h proced'res are acco(p"ished in a CODEC

03/22/14

43

0uanti1ation

03/22/14

44

0uanti1ation

03/22/14

45

Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal

03/22/14

46

0uanti1ation E!!o!

3hen a signal is quantized, we introduce

an error - the coded signal is an appro6imation of the actual amplitude value. "he difference etween actual and coded value (midpoint) is referred to as the quantization error. "he more zones, the smaller which results in smaller errors. @E", the more zones the more its required to encode the samples -F higher it rate
03/22/14 47

0uanti1ation E!!o! ((ont%

=ound-off error 4verload error
4verload

03/22/14

48

0uanti1ation Noise

03/22/14

,llustration of the quantization process

49

Pulse Code Modulation

,n 1>M system,- num er of inary digits

are transmitted per sample.<ence the signaling rate and channel andwidth of 1>M are very large. Also encodind,decoding and quantizing circuitary of 1>M is comple6.

03/22/14

50

Delta Modulation
,n Delta Modulation, only one it is

transmitted per sample "hat it is a one if the current sample is more positive than the previous sample, and a zero if it is more negative &ince so little information is transmitted, delta modulation requires higher sampling rates than 1>M for equal quality of reproduction
03/22/14 51

Delta Modulation
"his scheme sends only the difference

etween pulses, if the pulse at time t nG( is higher in amplitude value than the pulse at time tn, then a single it, say a $(%, is used to indicate the positive value. ,f the pulse is lower in value, resulting in a negative value, a $5% is used. "his scheme wor.s well for small changes in signal values etween samples. ,f changes in amplitude are large, this will result in large errors.
03/22/14 52

Delta Modulation

The process of delta modulation

03/22/14 53

Delta Modulation
>omponents of Delta Modulation

03/22/14

54

Delta Modulation

03/22/14

DM system. (a) "ransmitter. (b) =eceiver.

55

Delta Modulation
Distortions in DM system (.,f the slope of analog signal is much

higher than that of appro6imated digital signal over long duration,than this difference is called Slope o#e!load disto!tion. 0."he difference etween quantized signal and original signal is called as 3!anula! noise% ,t is similar to quantisation noise.
03/22/14 56

Delta Modulation

"wo types of quantization errors + Slope o#e!load disto!tion and g!anula! noise
03/22/14 57

Delta Modulation
Distortions in DM system

Hranular noise occurs when step sizeI is large relative to local slope m(t). "here is a further modification in this system,in which step size is not fi6ed. "hat scheme is .nown as Adapti#e Delta Modulation.

10/31/2012 03/22/1410/31/2012

#'n)a* +d'sa! socie!,

58

Adapti#e Delta Modulation

A etter performance can e achieved if

the value of I is not fi6ed. "he value of I changes according to the amplitude of the analog signal. ,t has wide dynamic range due to varia le step size. Also etter utilisation of andwidth as compared to delta modulation. ,mprovement in signal to noise ratio.
10/31/2012 03/22/1410/31/2012 #'n)a* +d'sa! socie!, 59

Adapti#e Delta Modulation

10/31/2012 03/22/1410/31/2012

#'n)a* +d'sa! socie!,

60

Con(lusion
"he main advantage of these pulse

modulation schemes are etter noise immunity and possi ility of use of repeaters which ma.es communication more relia le and error free.

10/31/2012 03/22/1410/31/2012

#'n)a* +d'sa! socie!,

61