Ssgmce, Shegaon. Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Lesson Plan

SSGMCE, SHEGAON.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

TELECOMMUNICATION
LESSON PLAN
Class: 3U1/3U2, Semester: V

Sub: Analog Electronics-II (Code: 5ET1)
Session: 2020-21
Total No.Of Lectures: 52
Subject Teachers:
Dr.K.B.Khanchandani/Prof.A.N.DOLAS
Introduction of Subject:
• Electronics has made rapid advancements during last

few decades. Its importance has become more specific
with the rapid development of semiconductor devices
and the integrated circuits.
• The design of electronic circuitry and the devices has
assumed a very important part to the engineers /
designers. There may be number of solutions for
designing even a simplest circuit according to certain
specifications.
• The optimized solution involves reduced cost, size,
power requirement and ease of handling
2
• Signal Processing can be implemented using a variety of
semiconductor electronic devices like PN Junction
Diodes, Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT), Field Effect
Transistors (FET) , operational amplifiers etc. in
combination with passive components like resistors and
capacitors.
• Also,it can be implemented using Digital electronic

components to process digital signals
3
• . At low level, the digital circuits consist of a
combination of transistors, logic gates (AND,
NAND, NOT etc.) and at high level,
microcontrollers and processors. The design of
electronic circuits can be undertaken in two
ways based on the type of the signal ,i.e.
Analog and Digital Signals. They are:
• Analog Circuits
• Digital Circuits
4
• Analog Circuits deals with continuous analog signals
whereas Digital Circuits deals with discrete digital
signals. The third category of the circuitry which
processes both the signals is known as Mixed Mode
Circuits.
• Today many Application Specific IC’s (ASIC’s), Special
Function IC’S (ASIC’s) are available in market and many
design and simulation software are available in the
market. Also, semiconductor devices (Low & high
power), passive components with different ratings are
easily available in bulk quantities.
5
• For the given application/ problem, it is possible
to simulate the design using different software
packages and then the design can be converted
into final IC level product.
• Every electronics engineer must have the
knowledge of different electronic devices, their
ratings and equivalents, different design tools /
softwares available, testing of circuits, faults
finding and repairing.
6
• The subject deals with design and development
aspects of linear integrated circuits. Unit I deals
with design concepts of voltage regulators which
is the important part of power supply.
• In Unit II and III we need to understand design
concepts of Op-Amp based linear and non-
linear applications circuits such as like
integrators, differentiators, oscillators,
comparators ,oscillators and multivibrators.
7
• We need to design waveform generators using IC 8038,
566. In unit IV,IC 555 based timer circuits and and IC
565 based various PLL application circuits we need to
design.
• We need to design various filter circuits in unit V. In unit

VI, we need to design instrumentation amplifier circuit
and temperature controller/indicator circuits using
suitable sensors.
8
Operational Amplifier
Fundamentals
Dr. K.B.Khanchandani
Professor,Electronics &
Telecomm.Engg,SSGMCE SHEGAON
Introduction
• Operational amplifier
– Referred to as op amp
– Amplifier configured for a special operation
– First applications in analog computers
– 741: most widely documented op amp
– Can be built on a protoboard or simulated
using computer package such as SPICE
10
1.1 Amplifier Fundamentals
11
• An operational amplifier is a direct coupled high
gain amplifier consisting of one or more
differential (OPAMP) amplifiers and followed by
a level translator and an output stage.
• An operational amplifier is available as a single

integrated circuit package.
12
13
Differential amplifier configurations
• The four differential amplifier configurations are

following:
 Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.

 Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.
 Single input balanced output differential amplifier.
 Single input unbalanced output differential amplifier
14
15
16
• The input stage is a dual input balanced output differential amplifier.
This stage provides most of the voltage gain of the amplifier and
also establishes the input resistance of the OPAMP.
• The intermediate stage of OPAMP is another differential amplifier
which is driven by the output of the first stage. This is usually dual
input unbalanced output.
• Because direct coupling is used, the dc voltage level at the output of
intermediate stage is well above ground potential. Therefore level
shifting circuit is used to shift the dc level at the output downward to
zero with respect to ground.
• The output stage is generally a push pull complementary amplifier.
The output stage increases the output voltage swing and raises the
current supplying capability of the OPAMP. It also provides low
output resistance.
17
Level Translator:
• Because of the direct coupling the dc level at the emitter

rises from stages to stage. This increase in dc level
tends to shift the operating point of the succeeding
stages and therefore limits the output voltage swing and
may even distort the output signal.
• To shift the output dc level to zero, level translator
circuits are used. An emitter follower with voltage divider
is the simplest form of level translator as shown
18
. An emitter follower
• Thus a dc voltage at the base of Q produces 0V dc at

the output. It is decided by R1 and R2. Instead of voltage
divider emitter follower either with diode current bias or
current mirror bias as shown in fig. 3 may be used to get
better results.
• In this case, level shifter, which is common collector
amplifier, shifts the level by 0.7V. If this shift is not
sufficient, the output may be taken at the junction of two
resistors in the emitter leg.
19
20
COMPLETE OP-AMP CIRCUIT
21
Amplifier Fundamentals
• Voltage amplifier
Figure 1.1 Voltage amplifier

22
• Current amplifier
Figure 1.2 Current amplifier

23
Table 1.1 Basic amplifiers and their ideal terminal resistances
24
1.2 The Operational Amplifier
• Voltage amplifier with extremely high gain

• Gain of the 741 op amp
– 20,000 V/V, or 200 V/mV
– Gain also expressed in decibels (dB)
• 20 log10(200,000) = 106dB
• Ideally, op amp would have infinitely large
gain
25
The Operational Amplifier
Figure 1.3 (a) Op amp symbol and power-supply connections

(b) Equivalent circuit of a powered op amp
26
1.3 Basic Op Amp Configurations
• Op amp circuits
– Op amp is one component
• The noninverting amplifier
– Shown in Figure 1.6 on next slide
27
Basic Op Amp Configurations
Figure 1.6 Noninverting amplifier and circuit model for its analysis
28
Figure 1.7 Noninverting amplifier and its ideal equivalent circuit
29
• The voltage follower

– Let R1 = ∞ and R2 = 0
– Also called unity gain amplifier
– Acts as a resistance transformer
• Buffer between the source and load
30
Figure 1.9 Source and load connected (a) directly, and (b) via a
voltage follower to eliminate loading
31
• The inverting amplifier

– Induces 180° phase shift on sine wave input
Figure 1.10 Inverting amplifier and circuit model for its analysis
32
1.8 Op Amp Powering
• Op amps must be powered externally

• Typically powered by a dual regulated
power supply
– Power supplies normally omitted from circuit
diagrams
• Flow of currents through the op amp
causes internal power dissipation
– Not to exceed maximum rating specified in
the data sheets
33

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SSGMCE, SHEGAON.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

Class: 3U1/3U2, Semester: V

• Electronics has made rapid advancements during last

• Also,it can be implemented using Digital electronic

• We need to design various filter circuits in unit V. In unit

• An operational amplifier is available as a single

• The four differential amplifier configurations are

 Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.

• Because of the direct coupling the dc level at the emitter

• Thus a dc voltage at the base of Q produces 0V dc at

Figure 1.1 Voltage amplifier

Figure 1.2 Current amplifier

Table 1.1 Basic amplifiers and their ideal terminal resistances

• Voltage amplifier with extremely high gain

Figure 1.3 (a) Op amp symbol and power-supply connections

Figure 1.7 Noninverting amplifier and its ideal equivalent circuit

• The voltage follower

• The inverting amplifier

• Op amps must be powered externally

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