GRAMMARREVIEW

PARTS OF THE SPEECH
 Noun
 Pronoun
 Verb
 Adverb
 Adjective
 Preposition
 Conjunction
 Preposition
NOUN
 Provide Names
Kinds
1. Proper Noun- Specific Names
2. Common Noun- General Terminologies
Gender
1. Masculine- Male Gender
2. Feminine- Female Gender
3. Undefine- No definition of the Gender/ no gender
 To Change singular noun to plural nouns, add –s or –es.

PRONOUN
PRONOUN- Stand in place of a noun.
1. Personal Pronoun
Represents specific person or things depending on the
number, gender, person or case.
( I, me, mine, you, your, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it,
its, we, they and them)
2. Relative Pronoun
It takes the place of a noun in the clause that it introduces,
and it connects its clause with the rest of the sentence.
( Whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever and
whatever)
PRONOUN
3. Interrogative Pronoun
The interrogative pronoun asks a question
(Who, What, When, Where, Why, How)
4. Indefinite Pronoun
Replace nouns without specifying which noun
they replace.
(Another, anyone, each, everyone, no one
and nothing)
PRONOUN
5. Demonstrative Pronoun
To show, to indicate or to point to.
(This, that, these and those)
6. Reflexive Pronoun
These are compound personal pronoun.
(Myself, yourself, himself, themselves,
ourselves, herself, itself)
PRONOUN
 Case is the property of a noun that shows the

relation of the word to another part of the
sentence.
1. Nominative Case (Subjective)

I was late for working in the morning.
He is planning to finish his assignment this
week.
PRONOUN
2. Objective Case (Objective)

The guidance counselor called her and me
to her office.
The committee chair gave me this
assignment.
3. Possessive Case (Ownership)

Anyone’s guess is wrong.
VERB
 Verbs are part of the speech that express action or state of being.
Verb Forms
1. Infinitive form- Verb is formed by using “to + verb.”
The director wants to hire a new secretary.
To leave the country is not my priority.
2. Gerund- Verb formed by using “verb + -ing.”

Walking is a brief exercise for me.
Teaching is a noble profession.
3. Helping verb (Auxiliary verb)- It precedes the main verb.

VERB
Kinds
1. Regular Verb- Also known as the weak verb.
They does not change the spelling of the
verb.
2. Irregular Verb- They do change the spelling of

the verb.
TENSES OF THE VERB- State of action.

VERB
SIMPLE TENSES
1. Past Tense
Add –d or –ed. The action happened already.
2. Present Tense
Add –s or –es. The action is being done in a present time frame.
3. Present Progressive Tense

Add –ing. The action was continuous.
4. Future Tense
Add will or shall. The action is to be done.
VERB
PERFECT TENSES
1. Present Perfect Tense
Add has/have + past form of the verb. Indicates the
action that began in the past and has been
completed recently and continuous in the present.
Janelle has played softball lately.
2. Past Perfect Tense

Add had + Past form of the verb. Indicates an action
before another action in the past.
Lance had arrived before by the time the bell
rang.
VERB
3. Future Perfect Tense

Add will have/ shall have + Past form of the
verb. Indicates an action that will be
completed by a certain time in the future.
Julie will have finished her contract with us
when she signs another contract in May.
VERB
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
Add has/ have + been + present progressive form of the
verb. It show how long an action has been going on.
I have been studying for three years.
2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense

Add had + been + present progressive form of the verb. It
shows how long an action continued in the past.
Times were hard and the family had been struggling for
the past years.
VERB
3. Future Perfect Progressive Tense

Add will/ shall + have + been + present
progressive form of the verb. It shows how
long an action has been in progress.
How long will you have been studying
here?
ADVERB
 Modifies the verb.
Three Comparative Forms

1. Positive
2. Comparative (Formed by adding –er but words
ending with –ly, the word more or less is being used).
3. Superlative (Formed by adding –est but words
ending with ly, the word most or least is being used)
* Although some you need to change the spelling

ADVERB
Adverbs of Manner (How the action was done)
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place (Where the action took place)
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency (Times the action was done)
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time (When the action was done)
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose (Why the action was done)
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
ADVERB
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb + Manner + Place + Frequency + Time + Purpose
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning

before dawn to keep in shape.
Dad walks impatiently into town every afternoon before

supper to get a newspaper.
Tasha naps in her room every morning before lunch to be

energized.
ADJECTIVES
 Modifies a noun or a pronoun.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
1. Positive
a. Base form of the adjective.
b. Statement no comparison.
2. Comparative
a. One syllable to two syllable- add –er.
b. More than two syllables use more.
3. Superlative
a. One to two syllable- add –est.
b. More than two syllables use most.
ADJECTIVES
SERIES OF ADJECTIVES
Determiner+Observation+Size+Shape+Color+Noun
Three gorgeous big long-stemmed white lilies.
An expensive bulky square silver mirror.
Some delicious gigantic round brown apple pie.

PREPOSITION
 Words used with noun or pronoun to show

their relationship to other words in a
sentence.
Types
1. Simple Preposition
2. Phrasal Preposition
PREPOSITION
RELATIONSHIP OF PREPOSITION
1. Comparison (like, as)
2. Direction (to, through)
3. Place (at, by, on)
4. Possession (of)
5. Purpose (for)
6. Source (from, out of)
7. Time (at, before, on)
PREPOSITION
SIMPLE PREPOSITION
About before by inside over
Above behind during through into
Across below except of to
Among beneath toward off for
Around beside under from on
At between in onto with
PREPOSITION
PHRASAL PREPOSITION
 Consist of a preposition plus a noun or
pronoun (the object of the preposition).
 Object of the Preposition- The noun or

pronoun that follows a preposition.
PREPOSITION
PHRASAL PREPOSITION
According to on account of
Because of in the midst of
In behalf of the in partial fulfillment of
By means of in as much as
In order to in the event of
Apart from as far as
Over and above within reach of
PREPOSITION
 IT IS A WORD THAT SHOWS RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN THE CATERPILLAR AND THE APPLE
CONJUNCTION
 Connects related words, phrases and clauses.

 It signals the logical relationship between two
thoughts.
Kinds
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunctions
CONJUNCTIONS
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 Connectives most frequently used to show
that two ideas are equal.
 These includes: and, but, or, for, yet and so.
 The director and the coordinator will attend

the meeting tomorrow.
 I went swimming but the pool is cold.
CONJUNCTIONS
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 Connecting words that are used to join two
statements of unequal rank.
 These includes: Because, as if, although, as

though, before, even though, while, whether,
unless, since.
 The director will attend the meeting tomorrow

even though the coordinator was absent.
 I went swimming while it is cold.
CONJUNCTIONS
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
 These conjunctions work in pairs to show that
words and ideas are parallel.
 These includes: either… or, neither… nor, not

only… but also, both… and, if… then, since…
therefore.
 Either the director or the coordinator must

attend the meeting tomorrow.
INTERJECTION
 It provides strong emotions in the sentences.

 Usually exclamation point is being used
together with the interjection.
Oh Ouch Alas Bravo

Hooray Hurrah Hoot Wooh

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PARTS OF THE SPEECH

 To Change singular noun to plural nouns, add –s or –es.

 Case is the property of a noun that shows the

1. Nominative Case (Subjective)

2. Objective Case (Objective)

3. Possessive Case (Ownership)

2. Gerund- Verb formed by using “verb + -ing.”

3. Helping verb (Auxiliary verb)- It precedes the main verb.

2. Irregular Verb- They do change the spelling of

TENSES OF THE VERB- State of action.

3. Present Progressive Tense

2. Past Perfect Tense

3. Future Perfect Tense

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense

3. Future Perfect Progressive Tense

Three Comparative Forms

* Although some you need to change the spelling

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS

Verb + Manner + Place + Frequency + Time + Purpose

Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning

Dad walks impatiently into town every afternoon before

Tasha naps in her room every morning before lunch to be

Three gorgeous big long-stemmed white lilies.

An expensive bulky square silver mirror.

Some delicious gigantic round brown apple pie.

 Words used with noun or pronoun to show

 Object of the Preposition- The noun or

 IT IS A WORD THAT SHOWS RELATIONSHIP

 Connects related words, phrases and clauses.

 These includes: and, but, or, for, yet and so.

 The director and the coordinator will attend

 These includes: Because, as if, although, as

 The director will attend the meeting tomorrow

 These includes: either… or, neither… nor, not

 Either the director or the coordinator must

 It provides strong emotions in the sentences.

Oh Ouch Alas Bravo

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