When Atoms Meet: Chemical Bonding
When Atoms Meet: Chemical Bonding
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Elements and Compounds
Metals
Br2
Non-Metals
-Covalent Ionic
NaCl
S8
CuSO4
MgCO3
C6H12O6
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Comparing Substances
Chlorine has covalent Sodium is held Sodium chloride is
bonding within together with the product of the
discrete, separate metallic bonding in reaction with sodium
molecules. It is a giant structures and chlorine. It is
toxic and reactive (lattices). It is stable, benign and
gas. reactive with air abundant on earth.
and water, so is It exists as giant
not found freely in lattices of ions, held
nature. together by ionic
bonds.
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5
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Properties of Metals
heat 8
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
How do metals conduct electricity?
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
Delocalised electrons in metallic
bonding allow metals to conduct
heat and electricity.
force force
Why are some metals (iron, nickel and cobalt) magnetic and most
are not.
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For current to flow …
NO3- PO43-
SO42-
CO32-
HSO4-
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Octet Rule
Atoms will generally react in such a way as to have 8 valence
electrons. The exception to this rule is hydrogen, with a
maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell.
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Increasing number of shells
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe 17
Atomic Radius Trends
s2
Decreasing Atomic Radius p6
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Comparing Atom / Ion Radii
Metal atoms are larger than their cations, while non-metal
atoms are smaller. Why? (Hint: electronic configurations)
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Ionic Compound Bond Strength
Compound Melting Pt Cation Charge Anion Charge
NaCl 801°C +1 -1
MgO 2800°C +2 -2
In general, the greater the charge, the greater the
electrostatic attraction, the stronger the ionic bond and the
higher the melting point.
11 9
Na F
Electronic Configuration:
2,8,1 2,7
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Sodium Fluorine
(11 Protons) (9 Protons)
Electron Configuration
2,8
2,8,1 2,7
2,8
+1 -1
Opposites Attract
Electrostatic Force (Ionic Bond)
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Sodium Fluoride
NaF
Opposites Attract
Electrostatic Force (Ionic Bond)
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Ionic Properties
Ionic compounds are giant lattices of positive and
negative ions. They are held in place by ionic bonding –
with opposite charges attracted to their neighbour.
Properties
High melting and boiling points – much energy
required to break bonds
Solid is electrical insulator, liquid is conductor
Charged ions require freedom of movement
Hard, brittle
Strong force is needed to disrupt the strong bonds
Pyrite, FeS2
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What about other Ions?
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Mg Cl
Electron Configuration: 2,8,2 2,8,7
-1 +2 -1
Electron Configuration
2,8,8
2,8,7 2,8
2,8,2 2,8,8
2,8,7
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Chlorine Magnesium Chlorine
(17 Protons) (12 Protons) (17 Protons)
MgCl2
Electron Configuration
2,8,8
2,8,7 2,8
2,8,2 2,8,8
2,8,7
Non-
Metal
Metal
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Why Ionic Compounds are Brittle
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Covalent Molecular Properties
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Covalent Bond
Occur between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
They form by sharing electron pairs
Stable non-ionising particles, they do not conduct in
any state
Examples: O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
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Octet Rule
Octet Rule:
‘Elements react in order to obtain 8 electrons in outer shell’
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Lewis Structures
Lewis structures show the electron distribution
around an atom. They help you determine how many
covalent bonds form between atoms.
Place one dot per valence electron on each of the
four sides of the element symbol. Pair the electron
dots until all of the valence electrons are used.
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Lewis Structure Rules
Each of the outer shell
electrons are represented
by a dot.
F F
2,7 2,7
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Fluorine (F2)
Let’s
Share!
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Covalent Bonding
How many valence electrons
around each atom?
F2 F-F
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Oxygen
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, needing 2 to complete
its octet. It therefore forms 2 bonds.
A double
bond is
formed
O2
O O 48
What about Nitrogen?
N N2N
How many
How bonds
many Valence
will Bond
Triple complete
Electrons?
the octet?
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Multiple Bonds
Atoms can share more than two electrons
·· ··
F2 F F Single bond
–
··
··
·· ··
·· ··
O2 O=O ·· Double bond
··
N2 N N Triple bond
··
··
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s
o ne
pa ir
Water
L
airs
d)p
n de
-bo
n
no
n e(
Lo
irs
pa
d
n de
Bo
Bo
nd
e d
pa
ir
s
Ammonia
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Exceptions to Octet Rule:
Sulfur Dioxide
Lewis Diagram Structural Formula
Molecular Diagram
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Phosphorus (V) Chloride
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Sulfur hexafluoride
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Beryllium chloride /
Boron fluoride
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Molecular Diagrams
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VSEPR
VSEPR theory (pronounced
Vesper) proposes that the
geometric arrangement of
atoms about a central atom Linear arrangement of Vespas
in a covalent compound is determined by the repulsions
between valence electron pairs.
Since electron pairs repel, they orient themselves as far
apart as possible from each other. This leads to molecules
having specific shapes.
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0 Lone Pairs 1 Lone Pair 2 Lone Pairs
1 linear
180°
2 linear linear
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V-shaped V-shaped
trigonal Planar
120°
120° 109°
trigonal bipyramid
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120°
90°
octahedral
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The lone pairs (shown in yellow here)
90° influence the shape of the molecule, but are
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Diamond
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Covalent Networks – 3D
SiO2
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Graphene and Buckyballs
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13
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12 +
14
16
18
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Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Electronegativity Trends
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Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with greater electron density around one of
the two atoms will produce a dipole, with a slightly more
negative and positive ends.
Denoted by the symbol: d electron poor
electron rich
region
region
The greater the difference
in electronegativity, the
d + H F
d-
more polar is the bond.
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Water – a Polar Molecule
electron rich
region
electron poor
region
BCl3
Methanol
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Covalent Molecules
Asymmetrical Symmetrical
Polar Molecule
Non-Polar Molecule
Non-Polar Molecule
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Is it Polar?
HCl HF H2O
Yes
Yes Yes
NH3
No
Yes CO2 No
CCl4
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Linea
r Name That Shape
1
4
Tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramid 3
Octahedral
2
V-shape Trigonal
6 pyramidal
5 7
Trigonal
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Dipole-Dipole Bonding
Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions
between permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions
tend to align the molecules to increase attraction.
δ+
δ-
e.g. HCl,
chloroform - CHCl3
δ+
The slightly negative end of one
molecule will attract to the slightly
δ-
positive end of its neighbour.
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Boiling Point – Hydrides
Plots of boiling point of hydrides reveal trends that indicate
higher than expected boiling points of H2O, HF and NH3.
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Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding is the attraction
between polar molecules, in which
hydrogen H is bound to a Period 2 Ice
electronegative atom: N, O or F. (not Cl)
Molecules can get closer packed
together, increasing the strength.
Intermolecular H-Bonds
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Ion-Dipole Bonding
Bonding Lattice of cations in Lattice of positive Covalent bonding ·Strong covalent ·Strong covalent ·Strong covalent
sea of electrons and negative ions throughout 3-D bonding within bonding within bonding within
·Electrostatic ·Electrostatic network molecule molecule molecule
forces between forces between ·Dipole-dipole ·Weak dispersion ·H2 bonding
cations and cations and (polar) between forces between between molecules
electrons anions molecules molecules
Metallic bonding Ionic bonding Covalent bonding
Physical Prop Solid Solid Solid Liquid/Gas Liquid/Gas Liquid/Gas
Volatility Non-volatile Non-volatile Non-volatile Volatile Volatile Volatile
Melting Pt. High High Very high Very low Very low Very low
Conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor in Poor conductor Poor conductor Poor conductor Poor conductor
solid state
Good conductor in ·Only graphite
molten /aqueous conducts
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state
·free moving e - ·free moving ions ·free moving e - ·e- not free to move ·e- not free to move ·e- not free to move
Classification of Bonds
Arrange the substances in order of decreasing boiling
points
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Understanding Chemical Bonds
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