Well Drilling

Casing
M.I.T

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 Casing Design

 Why Run Casing?

 Types of Casing Strings
 Classification of Casing
 Wellheads
 Burst, Collapse and Tension
 Example
 Effect of Axial Tension on Collapse Strength
 Example
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 Casing Design

What is casing? Casing

Why run casing? Cement

1. To prevent the hole from caving in

2. Onshore - to prevent contamination of
fresh water sands
3. To prevent water migration to
producing formation

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 Casing Design - Why run casing, cont’d

4. To confine production to the wellbore

5. To control pressures during drilling
6. To provide an acceptable environment for
subsurface equipment in producing wells
7. To enhance the probability of drilling to total
depth (TD)
e.g., you need 14 ppg to control a lower zone,
but an upper zone will fracture at 12 lb/gal.
What do you do?
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 Types of Strings of Casing

Diameter Example
1. Drive pipe or structural pile 16”-60” 30”
{Gulf Coast and offshore only}
150’-300’ below mudline.

2. Conductor string. 100’ - 1,600’ 16”-48” 20”

(BML)

3. Surface pipe. 2,000’ - 4,000’ 8 5/8”-20” 13 3/8”

(BML)

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 Types of Strings of Casing

Diameter Example

4. Intermediate String 7 5/8”-13 3/8” 9 5/8”

5. Production String (Csg.) 4 1/2”-9 5/8” 7”

6. Liner(s)

7. Tubing String(s)

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 Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Hole Size Pipe Size

36” Structural casing 30”
26” Conductor string 20”

17 1/2 Surface pipe 13 3/8

12 1/4 IntermediateString 9 5/8

8 3/4 Production Liner 7

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 Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Hole Size Pipe Size

36” Structural casing 30”
26” Conductor string 20”

17 1/2 Surface pipe 13 3/8

12 1/4 IntermediateString 9 5/8

8 3/4 Production Liner 7

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Example Hole and String Sizes (in)

Structural casing Mudline

Conductor string
250’

1,000’

4,000’
Surface pipe
IntermediateString
Production Liner
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 Classification of CSG.

1. Outside diameter of pipe (e.g. 9 5/8”)

2. Wall thickness (e.g. 1/2”)

3. Grade of material (e.g. N-80)

4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API LCSG)

5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3)

6. Nominal weight (Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling)
(e.g. 47 lb/ft)

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
 11
 Length of Casing Joints

RANGE 1 16-25 ft

RANGE 2 25-34 ft

RANGE 3 > 34 ft.

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 Casing Threads and Couplings

API round threads - short { CSG }

API round thread - long { LCSG }
Buttress { BCSG }
Extreme line { XCSG }
Other …

See Halliburton Book...

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 API Design Factors (typical)

Required Design

10,000 psi Collapse 1.125 11,250 psi

100,000 lbf Tension 1.8 180,000 lbf

10,000 psi Burst 1.1 11,000 psi

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Abnormal

Normal Pore Pressure Abnormal Pore Pressure

0.433 - 0.465 psi/ft gp > normal
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Design from bottom
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Press. Gauge
Wing Valve X-mas Tree
Choke Box

Master
Valves
Wellhead
• Hang Csg. Strings
• Provide Seals
• Control Production
from Well

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Wellhead

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Wellhead

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 Casing Design

Tension Tension
Depth
Burst

Collapse

Collapse
STRESS
Burst
Burst: Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore.
Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
Tension: Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top
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 Casing Design

Collapse (from external pressure)

 Yield Strength Collapse

 Plastic Collapse
 Transition Collapse
 Elastic Collapse

Collapse pressure is affected by axial stress

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Casing Design - Collapse

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Casing Design - Tension

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 Casing Design - Burst
(from internal pressure)
 Internal Yield Pressure for pipe
 Internal Yield Pressure for couplings
 Internal pressure leak resistance

p Internal p
Pressure

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 Casing Design - Burst

Example 1

Design a 7” Csg. String to 10,000 ft.

Pore pressure gradient = 0.5 psi/ft

Design factor, Ni=1.1

Design for burst only.

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 Burst Example

1. Calculate probable reservoir pressure.

psi
pres  0. 5 * 10,000 ft  5,000 psi
ft

2. Calculate required pipe internal yield

pressure rating

pi  pres * Ni  5,000 * 1.1  5,500 psi

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 Example

3. Select the appropriate csg. grade and wt. from

the Halliburton Cementing tables:

Burst Pressure required = 5,500 psi

7”, J-55, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 4,980 psi
7”, N-80, 23 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 6,340 psi
7”, N-80, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 7,249 psi

Use N-80 Csg., 23 lb/ft

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28
23 lb/ft
26 lb/ft

N-80 29
 Collapse Pressure

The following factors are important:

 The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe

depends on the axial stress

 There are different types of collapse

failure

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 Collapse Pressure

 There are four different types of collapse

pressure, each with its own equation for
calculating the collapse resistance:

 Yield strength collapse

 Plastic collapse
 Transition collapse
 Elastic collapse
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 Casing Design

Collapse pressure - with axial stress

 2

1/ 2

  SA   S A 
1. YPA  YP 1  0.75     0.5  
  YP    YP 

YPA = yield strength of axial stress
equivalent grade, psi
YP = minimum yield strength of pipe, psi
SA = Axial stress, psi (tension is positive)
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 Casing Design - Collapse
2. Calculate D/t to determine proper equation to
use for calculating the collapse pressure
 D  
   1
Yield Strength PYP  2 Yp   t  
Collapse :   D 2 
   
  t  
 
 A 
Pp  Yp   B  C
Plastic Collapse:  D  
 
 t  
 
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 Casing Design - Collapse, cont’d

 
Transition  F 
Collapse: PT  Yp   G
 D  
  t  
 

Elastic 46.95 X10 6

PE  2
Collapse:  D   D  
     1
 t   t  
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 Casing Design - Collapse

If Axial Tension is Zero:

Yield Strength Plastic Transition Elastic

J-55 14.81 25.01 37.31

N-80 13.38 22.47 31.02
P-110 12.44 20.41 26.22

(D / t )  35
 Example 2

Determine the collapse strength of 5 1/2”

O.D., 14.00 #/ft J-55 casing under zero axial
load.

1. Calculate D 5.500
  22.54
t 1
the D/t ratio:  5.500  5.012
2

From Halliburton book
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 Example 2
D
 22.54
2. Check the mode of collapse t

Table on p.35 (above) shows that,

for J-55 pipe,
with 14.81 < D/t < 25.01

the mode of failure is plastic collapse.

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 Example 2

The plastic collapse is calculated from:

 A 
Pp  Yp   B  C
D/ t 

 2.991 
 55,000   0.0541  1,206
 22.54 
Halliburton Tables
Pp  3,117 psi
rounds off to 3,120 psi
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 Example 3
Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2” O.D.,
14.00 #/ft, J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbs
The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure as
follows:

 2 
  SA   SA 
YPA  1  0.75    0 .5   YP
 Y  Y 
  p   p 


FA 100,000
SA    24,820 psi
Area   5.52  5.012 2 
4
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   SA 
2
 
Example 3 cont’d YPA 
 1  0.75   0.5 S A  YP
 Y  Y 
  p   p 

The axial tension will reduce the collapse

pressure rating to:
 2 
 24,820   24,820 
YPA   1  0.75    0 .5  55,000
  55,000   55,000 
 

 38,216 psi

Here the axial load decreased the J-55

rating to an equivalent “J-38.2” rating
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 Example 3 - cont’d

 A 
 Pp  YPA   B  C
D/t 

 2.945 2 
 38,216   4.557 x10   700 .43  2,551
 22.54 

Pp  2,550 psi

…compared to 3,117 psi with no axial stress!

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