OUTLINES:

 Continuity
 Derivative of a Functions
 Differentiability
CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS:

x  1 ; x  1 ; x  1 y  f  x  x  1
f  x   ; x 1
 1 ; x 1

f 1

f 1

L.H.L  lim f  x   2 L.H.L  lim f  x   2

x 1
x 1

R.H.L  lim f  x   2 R.H.L  lim f  x   2

x 1 x 1

f 1  1 f 1  2
 i.e. f (x) is continuous at a point x = a if
L.H.L = R.H.L = f (a)

Definition : Continuity of a Function

A function y = f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a provided the following
conditions are satisfied-
i) f (a) is defined
ii) lim xa f (x) is exist
iii) limxa f (x) = f (a)
L.H.L = R.H.L

L.H.L = R.H.L= f (a)

 # Determine whether the following functions are continuous at x =2.

 x2  4

f ( x)   x  2 ; x  2
 3 ; x2
Solution:

L.H.L  lim f ( x )  4
x2

R.H.L  lim f ( x )  4
x2
Limit is exist
at x =2
f ( 2)  3

L.H.L  R.H.L  f (2)

 f ( x ) is not continuous at x  2
# Determine whether the following functions are continuous at x =2.
 x2  4

f ( x)   x  2 ; x  2
 4 ; x2
Solution:

L.H.L  lim f ( x )  4
x2

R.H.L  lim f ( x )  4
x2
Limit is exist
f ( 2)  4 at x =2

L.H.L  R.H.L  f (2)

 f ( x ) is continuous at x  2
 DERIVATIVE Slope?
Slope of Line: y =f (x)

Rise f (b)
Slope  f (b )  f ( a )
Run
f (a)

Rise  Change in y  y

a b
Run  Change in x  x
ba

y f (b )  f ( a )
Slope of the line  
x ba
Slope of Tangent Line to a Curve: Secant line

Rise y
Slope   tangent line
Run x

y  f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )

x  ( x0  h )  x0

Slope of the secant line

y f ( x0  h )  f ( x0 )
 
x h
slope at x0? h→0

f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 ) Derivative at x0
Slope of the curve at x0  lim
h 0 h or f ( x0 )
# What is the slope curve to the function
f (x) = x2 at x = 2?

y f ( 2  h )  f ( 2)
 (2+h)2
x 2h2
( 2  h)2  2

h
 Slope of secant line  4  h 4

 Slope of tangent at x  2 is
2 2+h
 lim( 4  h )  4
h 0
h→0
Therefore, slope of curve at any point x ,
slope at x =2 ?
y f ( x  h)  f ( x )
lim  lim
h  0 x h 0 xhx
f (x )
 2x
# What is the relation between f(x) and f (x ) ?
The slope of tangent
of the curve y = f (x)
at any point x
 Geometrical Preliminaries:
The equation of straight line which passes through the point (x1 , y1)
and with the slope m is
y ─ y1 =m (x ─ x1)
And if two lines with the slopes m1 and m2, perpendicular, then
m1m2= ─1

# Using definition, find the derivative of the function f ( x )  x with

respect to x and use it to find equation of the tangent line to y =f (x)
at x = 4.
Solution: f ( x)  x  f ( x  h)  x  h

f ( x  h)  f ( x )  1
 f ' ( x )  lim 2 x
h 0 ( x  h)  x
1
So, the slope of the tangent line at x =4 is, f ' ( 4)   m1 ( Let )
4
And, the slope of the normal line at x =4 is, m2  4 (Let )
At x =4, y = f (4)= 2

So, the equ. of tangent through the point (4, 2) with slope ¼ is -

y  1 x 1
4
So, the equ. of normal through the point (4, 2) with slope ─ 4 is -

4 x  y  14
Slope as Rate of Change:

average rate of change

to velocity in t0 to t0+h

Instant rate of change

to velocity at time t0

f ' (t 0 )
DIFFERENTIABILITY at a Point:
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 f ' ( x )  lim
h 0 ( x  h)  x
DEFINITION:

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
L.H.D  lim
h 0 ( x  h)  x
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
R.H.D  lim
h 0 ( x  h)  x
A function y= f(x) is differentiable, iff
L.H.D= R.H.D
# Does the following function is differentiable at x=1 ?

 x2 1 ; x  1
f ( x)  
 2x ; x  1
Solution:
f (1  h )  f (1)
L.H.D  lim 2
h0 (1  h )  1
f (1  h )  f (1)
R.H.D  lim 2
h 0 (1  h)  1
Therefore, function y = f (x) is differentiable at x=1.▄

# Does the following function is differentiable at x=1 ?

 x2  2 ; x  1
f ( x)  
 x  2 ; x 1
Why a function is not differentiable at any point?

Geometrically, a function is differentiable at a point x0 if f(x) has a

tangent line at x0

Therefore function is failed to differentiable at a point if -

# Does the function y = IxI differentiable at x = 0 ?

Solution:

We can write as

 x ; x0
f ( x)  
 x ; x  0

f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) h
L.H.D  lim   1
h 0  (0  h)  0 h

f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) h Corner Point
R.H.D  lim  1
h 0  (0  h)  0 h

L.H.D  R.H.D So, the function is not differentiable.