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Chapter 4 Lecture Notes

This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry calculations including: 1) SI units and prefixes that are used to express small and large quantities. 2) The mole concept and how it relates to molar mass and molar concentration calculations. 3) Different ways to express the concentration of solutions such as molarity, percent concentration, and ppm/ppb. 4) How to perform stoichiometric calculations using chemical equations to relate amounts of reactants and products.

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102 views

Chapter 4 Lecture Notes

This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry calculations including: 1) SI units and prefixes that are used to express small and large quantities. 2) The mole concept and how it relates to molar mass and molar concentration calculations. 3) Different ways to express the concentration of solutions such as molarity, percent concentration, and ppm/ppb. 4) How to perform stoichiometric calculations using chemical equations to relate amounts of reactants and products.

Uploaded by

sama abubaker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4

Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

We  will take a look at the SI system of units.


Next, we will consider various ways for
expressing concentrations of solutions. Finally,
we will discuss the use of reaction
stoichiometry for computing amounts of
reactants or products based on the chemical
equations.
SI Units:
International System of Units (SI), is based on 7
fundamental base units shown below:

Other units are derived from these units.


To express small or large quantities in terms of a
few simple digits, prefixes are used with the units.
Some prefixes are shown:
The Mole: 
Mole = Avogadro's number (6.022X1023).
Molar Mass ( ): The mass (in g) of 1 mole of a
substance.
= ∑ Atomic masses for atoms in the formula
( e.g., CH2O = 12 + 2X1 + 16 = 30g).

 
The Millimole:
mmol = 1/1000 mol
Mass of 1 mmol (m ) = 1/1000 mass of 1 mol
Example 1
How many moles and milIimoles of benzoic acid
( = 122.1 g/mol) are contained in 2.00 g of the
pure acid?
 
Factor – Label Method
Solutions and Their Concentrations:
Several ways can be used to express conc’n of
solutions, most important are:

Molar Concentration:
Number of moles of solute contained in 1L of
solution.

The unit of molar conc. is molar (M);


= [mol/L or mmol/mL]
Example 3
Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in
an aqueous solution that contains 2.30 g of
C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.50 L of solution.
 
Analytical Molarity:
The total number of moles of a
solute(regardless of its chemical state) in 1 L of
solution (or mmol in 1 mL). For example, a
sulfuric acid solution that has an analytical
concentration of 1.0 M can be prepared by
dissolving 1.0 mol. (or 98 g) of H2S04 in water
and diluting to exactly 1.0 L.
 
Equilibrium Molarity:
The molar concentration of a particular species
in a solution at equilibrium.
For example, the species molarity of H2S04 in
a solution with an analytical conc’n of 1.0 M
is 0.0 M because the sulfuric acid is entirely
dissociated into a mixture of H+, HSO4-, and
SO42- ions; essentially no H2S04 molecules as
such are present in this solution.
The equilibrium conc’ns & thus the species
molarity of these ions are:
[H2SO4] = 0.00 M
[HS04-] = 0.99 M
[H+] = l.0l M
[SO42-] = 0.01 M
Example 4
Calculate the analytical & equilibrium molar
concentrations of the solute species in an aqueous
solution that contains 285 mg of trichloroacetic
acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid
is 73% ionized in water).
mol HA = 285X10-3 g X 1 mol HA/163.4g/mol
   = 1.744X10-3 mol HA

  CHA = 1.744X10-3 mol /0.01L


        = 0.174M
73% of the HA dissociates giving H+ and A-: HA
 ↔H+ + A-
The species molarity of HA is then 27% of CHA
   [HA] = CHA X (100 - 73)/100
= 0.174 X 0.27
= 0.074 M
 
The species molarity of A- is equal to 73% of the
analytical concentration. That is,
[A-] = 0.73 X 0.174
= 0.127 M

Also, [H+] = [A-] = 0.127 M


Example 5
Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.108M
BaCl2 from BaCl2.2H2O (244.3 g/mol).
 
1 mol BaCl2.2H20 ≡ 1 mol BaCl2, Therefore,
mol BaCl2.2H20 = mol BaCl2 = M X V(L)
= 0.108 mol/LX 2.00L
                                             = 0.216 mol BaCl2. 2H2O
mass of BaCl2.2H2O = 0.216 mol X 244.3g/mol
= 52.8g BaCl2.2H2O
Dissolve 52.8 g of BaCl2.2H20 in water & dilute to
2.00 L
Percent Concentration:
Chemists frequently express concentrations in
terms of percent (parts per hundred).
Unfortunately, this practice can be a source of
ambiguity because percent composition of a
solution can be expressed in several ways:
Parts per Million and Parts per Billion:
For very dilute solutions, parts per million (ppm) is
a convenient way to express concentration:
 

 
For such dilute solutions, 1ppm = 1 mg/L
 
Cppb = mass of solute/mass of solution X 109 ppb
 
1ppb = 1 µg/L
p-Functions:
The p-value is the negative logarithm of the
molar concentration of that species.
 pX = - log [X]

 
Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions
The density of a substance is its mass per unit
volume, whereas its specific gravity is the ratio of
its mass to the mass of an equal volume of water
at 4°C.
Density has units of kg/L or g/mL. Specific gravity
is dimensionless. Since the density of water is ≈
1.00 g/mL d & S.G. are used interchangeably.
Note: The following formula can be used for
calculating the molarity from specific gravity;
M = S.G. X 1000X%(w/w)/
The S.G. of some concentrated acids & bases are
given in Table 4-3.
OR; MHCl = 1.18 X 1000 X 0.37/36.5 =  12.0 M

For dilution; Mi X Vi = Mf X Vf
12 X Vi = 6.0 X 100
Vi = 50 mL
Dilute 50 mL of the concentrated reagent to 100 mL.
Chemical Stoichiometry:
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship
among reacting chemical species.
 
Empirical Formulas & Molecular Formulas:
Empirical formula is the simplest whole number
ratio of atoms in a compound.
Molecular formula is the number of atoms in a
molecule.

Two or more substances may have the same


empirical formula but different molecular
formulas.
The empirical formula is obtained from the percent
composition of a compound.
The molecular formula requires, in addition, a
knowledge of the molar mass of the species.

Structural formula provides additional information


For example, the chemically different ethanol &
dimethyl ether have the same molecular formula
C2H6O. Their structural formulas, C2H5OH and
CH3OCH3, reveal structural differences between
these compounds that are not shown in their
common molecular formula.
Stoichiometric Calculations:
A balanced chemical equation gives the ratios, or
stoichiometry of reacting substances & their
products. Thus, the equation;
 2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

indicates that 2 mol of sodium iodide combine


with 1 mol of lead nitrate to produce 1 mol of lead
iodide & 2 mol of sodium nitrate.

The next example demonstrates how the weight in


grams of reactants & products in a chemical
reaction are related.
A calculation of this type is a 3 step process:
(1) transformation of the known mass of a
substance to moles, (2) multiplication by a factor
that accounts for the stoichiometry, and (3)
reconversion of the data in moles back to the
metric units called for in the answer.
   Mass → Moles → Moles → Mass

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