MEASUREMENTS USED IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

MEASUREMENT
• The determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something.
• Macroscopic properties which can be delivered directly.

International System of Units

• In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures, the international authority on units, proposed a revised
metric system called the International System of Units (previously known as Metric System).
• In analytical chemistry we use:
a. MASS MEASUREMENT
➔ kg
➔ mg
➔ microgram
➔ milligrams
➔ grams
b. VOLUME
➔ liter
➔ milliliter
➔ microliter
c. AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
➔ mole

SI BASE UNITS
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation
Mass kilogram kg
Length meter m
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Electric current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd

PREFIXES USED WITH SI UNITS

Prefix S Meaning Example
tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 10 12
1 terameter (Tm) = 1 x 1012 m
giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1 x 109
mega- M 1,000,000 or 10 6
1 megameter (Mm) = 1 x 106 m
kilo- k 1,000 or 10 3
1 kilometer (km) = 1 x 103 m
deci- d 1/10 or 10-1 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m
centi- c 1/100 or 102 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m
milli- m 1/1,000 or 10-3 1 milliliter (mm) = 0.001 m
micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10-6 1 micrometer (µm) 1 x 10-6 m
nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10-9 1 nanometer (nm) = 10-9 m
pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10-12 1 picometer (pm) = 1 x 10-12 m

Mass (m) – measures the amount of matter in an object. In analytical data is the unit of measurement.
Weight – the force of attraction between an object and its surroundings.
• Weight = mg (Wherein m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity.)
Mole
• SI unit for the amount of substance
• 1 mol of substance = 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number)
• Molar mass (M) = mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance. It is the sum of atomic mass of elements found in a
chemical formula.

Example: Identify the molar mass of CH2O.

Carbon 12 g/mol = 12 g/mol
Hydrogen 1 g/mol x 2 = 2 g/mol
Oxygen 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Molar Mass of CH2O= 30 g/mol

Computation:
a. How many moles and millimoles of benzoic acid (M = 122.1g/mol) are contained in 2.00 g of the pure acid?
If we use HBz to represent benzoic acid, we can write that 1 mole of HBz has a mass of 122.1 g. Therefore,

To obtain the number of millimoles, we divide by the millimolar mass (0.1221 g/mmol), that is,

b. How many grams of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) are contained in 25.0 g of Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol)? *The chemical formula tells us
that 1 mol of Na2SO4 contains 2 mol of Na+
 The Factor-Label Approach
Some students and instructors find it easier to write out the solution to a problem so that units in the denominator of each
succeeding term eliminate the units in the numerator of the preceding one until the units of the answer are obtained. This
method has been referred to as the factor-label method, dimensional analysis, or the picket fence method. For instance, the
units of the answer are g na+ and the units given are g na2so4. Thus, we can write:
 Concentration
• The amount of solute in a given amount of solution.
• Concentration = amount of solute / amount of solution

COMMON UNITS FOR REPORTING CONCENTRATION

NAME UNITS S
Molarity moles solute M
liters solution
Formality number FWs solute F
liters solution
Normality number EWs solute N
liters solution
Molality moles solute m
kg solvent
Weight % g solute % w/w
100 g solution
Volume % mL solute % v/v
100 mL solution
Weight-to-volume % g solute % w/v
100 mL solution
Parts per million g solute ppm
10 g solution
6

Parts per billion g solute ppb

109 g solution

Molar Concentration (Molarity)

• Concentration of the number of moles of a substance that is contained in 1 Liter of the solution.

Example: Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution that contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol)
in 3.50 L of solution.
*Because molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, both of these quantities will be needed. The number
of liters is given as 3.50, so all we need to do is convert the number of grams of ethanol to the corresponding number of
moles.
To obtain the molar concentration, C2H5OH, we divide the amount by the volume. Thus,

Formality
• is a substance’s total concentration in solution without regard to its specific chemical form in the Liter of solution.

Formula:
F = number of formula mass / Liter of solution
Number of formula mass of solute = mass of solute (W) / formula mass of solute (Mf)

Example: Calculate the formality of NaCl solution, 5.85 g of which have been dissolved to form 250 ml of the given solution.
A. Identify the gram of formula mass
= 5.85 g/ 58.5 g/mol
= 0.1 mol
B. Compute for formality
= 0.1 mol/ 0.25 L
= 0.4 F

Normality
• makes use of the chemical equivalent, which is the amount of one chemical species (substances) reacting
stoichiometrically with another chemical species. Note that this definition makes an equivalent, and thus normality,
a function of the chemical reaction in which the species participates.

Formula:
N = Equivalent weight
Liter of Solution

N = (M) (number of hydrogen or hydroxide ions)

Using the formula: Eq = MW / n (Eq = equivalent weight)
MW = atomic or molecular weight in g/mol, from periodic table
n = no. of equivalents

Example: Find the normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in a 250 mL solution.

A. Eq weight = 105.99 g/mol/ 2eq/mol
= 53 eq/g
B. 0.321 g / 53 eq/g
= 0.0060566 eq
C. N = 0.0060566 eq/ 0.25 L
= 0.024 N

Molality
• a property of a solution and is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• Unit is mol/kg
• To convert solvent from milliliters to grams we can use the density of water which is 1g/milliliters
Example: If we mass 5.36 g of KCl and dissolve this solid in 56 mL of water, what is the molality of the solution?

Percent Concentration
• weight percent (% w/w), volume percent (% v/v), and weight-to-volume percent (% w/v) express concentration as
units of solute per 100 units of sample.
• if no given weight of solution, it is considered as 100 mL since it’s about percent
Therefore, we can say that in 23 % w/v there is 23 grams of solute in 100 ml of solvent.

Formula:

% Weight/Weight
Formula: % mass of solute = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100

Example: As an example, consider 5 g sugar dissolved in 20 g of water. What is the w/w% concentration of sugar in this
solution?
5 grams of sugar x 100
20 grams of water
= 20% w/w
Now suppose we have 450 g of a NaCl solution that is 35 NaCl w/w %. What is the mass of NaCl.

% Volume/Volume
• A percent v/v solution is calculated by the following formula using the milliliter as the base measure of volume (v):
% v/v = mL of solute/100 mL of solution

Example: What is the % v/v of a solution that has 5.0 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) diluted to 100 mL with deionized water?
X % = 5.0 mL HCl/100 mL of solution
X/100 = 5.0/100

Cross multiplying,
100X = 500
X = 5.0% % v/v

Weight/Volume % or m/v%
• w/v% or m/v% is calculated by dividing the mass of the solute in grams by the volume of solution in milliliters then
multiplying this by 100 as shown below.

Example: What is the weight/volume percentage concentration of 250 mL of aqueous sodium chloride solution containing
5 g NaCl?
w/v (%) = (5 g ÷ 250 mL) × 100
= 2 g/100 ml
= 2 % (m/v)

Parts per Million and Parts per Billion

Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) are mass ratios of grams of solute to one million or one billion grams of
sample, respectively.

• Parts per million micrograms of solute per gram of solution; for aqueous solutions the units are often expressed
as milligrams of solute per liter of solution (ppm).
 • Parts per billion nanograms of solute per gram of solution; for aqueous solutions the units are often expressed as
micrograms of solute per liter of solution (ppb).

Example: What is the concentration of the solution, in parts per million, if 0.02 grams of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 grams of
solution?
= (0.02 grams/ 1000 grams) x 1000000
= 20 ppm

An aqueous solution has 0.0070 grams of oxygen dissolved in 1000 grams of water. Calculate the dissolved oxygen
concentration of this solution in parts per million.
= (0.0070 grams/ 1000 grams) x 1000000
= 7 ppm

Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solution

A. Classifying Solutions of Electrolyte
• Electrolytes when dissolved in a solvent turned into ion that can be divided into;
1. Strong Electrolytes- Ionize essentially completely in a solvent.
2. Weak Electrolytes- Ionize partially

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROLYTES
Strong Weak
1. Inorganic acids such as 1. Many inorganic acids including
HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4, HCl, H2CO3, H3BO3, H3PO4, H2S, H2SO3
HBr, HClO3, HBrO3

2. Alkali and alkaline-earth 2. Most organic acids

hydroxides

3. Most salts 3. Ammonia and most organic bases

4. Halides, cyanides, and

thiocyanates of Hg, Zn, and Cd.

Acids and Bases and Salt, Amphiprotic

• In 1923, J.N Bronsted in Denmark and J.M Lowry in England, proposed independently a theory of acid/base behavior
that is particularly useful in analytical chemistry. And this is called Bronsted-Lowry theory. According to this theory:
• Acid is a proton DONOR while Base is the proton ACCEPTOR.
• A salt is produced in the reaction of an acid and base. Examples are NaCl, and NaOOCH3.
• Amphiprotic substances that possess the properties of an acid and base.