Chapter 1

Chapter 1
REVIEW OF
STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
CONTENT
1. SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
2. SOLUTION AND CONCENTRATION
 “Solution” concept
 Types of solution concentration
 Interconversion of concentration units
3. GERNERAL CONCEPT OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 How many significant figures?
1.010 0.020 100 42 1, 2 or 3
1 x 102 1.0 x 102 1.00 x 102
 Rounding off number
0.957  0.96
0.955  0.96
0.965  0.96
0.945  0.94
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Addition and subtraction
5.345 + 6.728 = 12.073
7.26 – 6.69 = 0.57
135.621 + 0.33 + 21.2163 = 157.17
 Rounding off numbers
121.7948  121.79
121.7960  121.80
121.795  121.80
121.785  121.78
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 When adding or subtracting numbers, always
express the numbers with the same exponent:
1.632 x 105  1.632 x 105
4.107 x 103  0.04107 x 105
0.984 x 106  9.84 x 105
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 When multiplying and dividing the no. of sig. figs
is the same as the number having the fewest sig.
figs.
 When performing calculations, do not round off

until the calculation is complete.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
 Concept
Solution, a homogeneous Different types of

mixture solutions
1. S/L (NaCl(aq))
2. L/L (C2H5OH(aq))
3. G/L (HCl(aq))
solute solvent
4. S/G (dust/air)
5. S/S (alloy)
Variable composition 6. L/G (fog)
7. G/G (humidity)
 Concentration: to express an amount of solute dissolved in
a solvent to form solution
 Dilute solution  small proportion of solute
 Concentrated solution  big proportion of solute
 Saturated solution  maximum amount of solute
Abbreviations
• m (g): mass of solute
• q (g) : mass of solvent
• Vx (ml): volume of solute
• V (ml) : volume of solution
• d (g/ml):density of solution
 Types of concentration
 Solubility (S): amount of solute dissolved in 100 g of
solvent to form a saturated solution (at a given to and P)
m
S  .100
q
 Titer (T): number of grams (or milligrams) of the solute in 1
mL solution
m m
Tg / ml  Tmg / ml  .1000
V V
 Percent concentration (%):
Weight/weight % (weight percent):

m
%( w / w)  .100
mq
Weight/volume % (weight to volume percent)
m
%( w / v)  .100
V
Volume/volume % (volume percent):
Vx
%(v / v)  .100
V
 Trace concentrations
Parts per million (ppm): milligrams (or mililitres) of solute
per kilogram (or litre) of sample/solution
Parts per billion (ppb): micrograms (or microliters) of solute
per kilogram (or litre) of sample/solution
m m
C ( ppm)  .10 6 C ( ppb)  .109
mq mq
 Molarity m 1000
CM  .
M V
 Molality (Cm): A one-molal solution contains one mole per
1000 g of solvent
m 1000
Cm  .
M q
 Molar fraction: moles of a constituent, ni, divided , by
the total moles of all constituents in a mixture, N.
ni
Ni 
N
12
 Normality: one-normal solution contains one equivalent
per liter
m 1000
CN  .
E V
 Equivalent weight (EW): is the formula weight (FW)
divided by the number of reacting units (n).
 “EQUIVALENT” CALCULATION
 Number of equivalents is given by the number of moles
multiplied by the number of reacting units per molecule or
atom
 For acids and bases, the number of reacting units is based

on the number of protons (i.e., hydrogen ions) an acid will
furnish or a base will react with.
e.g., for H2SO4:
 For acids and bases
e.g. Calculate the equivalent weight and normality for a
solution of 6.0 M H3PO4 given the following reactions:
 For oxidation–reduction reactions, number of reacting units
is based on the number of electrons an oxidizing or
reducing agent will take on or supply.
E(Cl2 ) = M (Cl2)/ 2
Cl2 + 2e → 2Cl
E(HCl) = M(HCl)/ 1
E(K2Cr2O7) = M/ 6
Cr2O72 + 6e → 2Cr3+
E(CrCl3 ) = M/ 3
E(Na2S4O6) = M/ 2
S4O62 + 2e → 2 S O
2 3
2
E(Na2S2O3) = M/ 1
E(FeSO4) = M/ 1
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2e → 2FeSO 4
E(Fe2(SO4)3 ) = M/ 2
 Density calculation
How to convert density to molarity?
 Density is the weight per unit volume at the specified
temperature, usually g/mL at 20 oC.
Example:
HCl(aq) 36.5% (d = 1.180 g/mL)
• Number of grams of HCl in 1 mL solution
• Molar concentration of this solution
• How many mililiters of HCl 36.5% used for making 200 mL
of HCl 3M?
• How many mililiters of HCl 36.5% added to 100 mL of
water to produce HCl 5%?
 Mixing solutions (a>b>c)
ma c  b

mb a  c
 Dilution: The millimoles taken for dilution will be the same

as the millimoles in the diluted solutions
Mstock x mLstock = Mdiluted x mLdiluted
 Interconversion of concentration units

CN 10.C %.d 10.C %.d
CM  CM  CN 
n M E
Q&A
1. A concentrated solution of ammonia is 28.0% w/w NH3
and has a density of 0.899 g/mL. What is the molar
concentration of NH3 in this solution?
2. The maximum permissible concentration of chloride ion in
a municipal drinking water supply is 2.50 × 102 ppm Cl–.
When the supply of water exceeds this limit, it often has a
distinctive salty taste. What is the equivalent molar
concentration of Cl–?
Q&A
3. Which solution—0.50 M NaCl or 0.25 M SrCl2—has the
larger concentration when expressed in mg/mL?
4. What is pNa for a solution of 1.76 × 10–3 M Na3PO4?
5. What are the values for pNa and pSO4 if we dissolve 1.5 g
Na2SO4 in a total solution volume of 500.0 mL?
6. The amount of oxalic acid in a sample of rhubarb was
determined by reacting with Fe3+. After extracting a 10.62
g of rhubarb with a solvent, oxidation of the oxalic acid
required 36.44 mL of 0.0130 M Fe3+. What is the
weight percent of oxalic acid in the sample of rhubarb?
Q&A
7. An analysis for disulfiram, C10H20N2S4, in Antabuse is
carried out by oxidizing the sulfur to H2SO4 and titrating
the H2SO4 with NaOH. If a 0.4613-g sample of Antabuse
requires 34.85 mL of 0.02500 M NaOH to titrate the
H2SO4, what is the %w/w disulfiram in the sample?
8. A laboratory procedure calls for 250 mL of an
approximately 0.10 M solution of NH3. Describe how you
would prepare this solution using a stock solution of
concentrated NH3 (14.8 M).
Q&A
9. A sample of an ore was analyzed for Cu2+ as follows. A
1.25 gram sample of the ore was dissolved in acid and
diluted to volume in a 250-mL volumetric flask. A 20 mL
portion of the resulting solution was transferred by
pipet to a 50-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume. An
analysis of this solution gives the concentration of Cu2+ as
4.62 μg/L. What is the weight percent of Cu in the original
ore?
10. A city’s water supply is fluoridated by adding NaF. The
desired concentration of F– is 1.6 ppm. How many mg of
NaF should you add per gallon of treated water if the
water supply already is 0.2 ppm in F–? (1 gallon = 3.785
liter)
Q&A
11. To determine the concentration of ethanol in cognac, a
5.00 mL sample of the cognac is diluted to 0.500 L.
Analysis of the diluted cognac gives an ethanol
concentration of 0.0844 M. What is the molar
concentration of ethanol in the undiluted cognac?
Equilibrium & Law of mass action
Reversible reaction
General reaction,
aA + bB  
(1)
cC + dD
( 2)
Equilibrium constant (Law of

mass action): The equilibrium
constant determines the relative
concentrations of products and
reactants.
LAW OF EQUIVALENCE
“whenever two substances react, the equivalents of one will
be equal to the equivalents of other and the equivalents of
any product will also be equal to that of the reactant”
For general equation:
aA + bB  cC + dD
mA mB

EWA EWB
or
VA .C A  VB .C B
where: CA, CB are normality of the solutions

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Chapter 1

 When performing calculations, do not round off

Solution, a homogeneous Different types of

Weight/weight % (weight percent):

 For acids and bases, the number of reacting units is based

 Dilution: The millimoles taken for dilution will be the same

 Interconversion of concentration units

Equilibrium constant (Law of

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