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Units for expressing concentration

Converting between concentration units
Buffer solutions- Volumetric solutions

Assoc. Pro. Hà Diệu Ly

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Concentration is a general measurement unit stating

the amount of solute present in a known amount of
solution

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Percent concentration mct

mct : grams of solute C %(W / W )  100%
V .d
C %.mdd C %.V .d
m 
100 100

d  d H 2O  1 ( g / ml )

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 1:
A solution in which a solute has a concentration of 23%
w/v contains 23 g of solute per 100 mL of solution.
23
C%  100  23%
100
Example 2: Calculate natri clorid to dilute 3000ml of
10% natri clorid solution?
mct C %.Vdd 10 x3000
C%  100  mct    300( g )
Vdd 100 100

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example: Calculate the V of 37,23% hydrochloric acid

solution (d = 1,19) required to prepare 100 ml of 10 %
HCl solution (W/ V

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Solution
Weigh of pure HCL in 100ml of 10% HCl solution (gam)
m ct C (%)xVdd 10 x100
C %(kl / tt ) = × 100%  mct    10
V dd 100 100

The V of 37,23% HCl solution transfer (ml):

mct mct 10
C %(kl / kl )  100%  Vdd   100%  x100%  22,5
V .d d .C (%) 1,19 x37,23

Transfer 22.5 ml of 37.23 % HCl solution to make 100 ml of

distilled to get 10 % HCl solution

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Some cases: a solution in which m(g) of solute is dissolved

in b(g) of solvent
m
C %(w / w)  100
mb
Example 3: 0.25g is dissolved in 100ml of water, the C%
(kl/kl) concentration of Alizarin is

m 0,25
C %(w / w)   100  0,249%
m  b 0,25  100

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Volume percent: milliliters of solute per 100 mL of

solution (% v/v)
V
C %(V / V )  s 100%
Vdd

Example 4: Transfer 960ml absolute ethanol dissolve to

1000ml solution. The concentration of this solution is
960
C %(V / V )  100%  96%
1000

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Molarity and Formality

Molarity: The number of moles of solute per liter
of solution (M).
n
CM 
V
m
n  CM 
m
x1000
M M .V

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

 Equivalent The moles of a species that can donate

one reaction unit.

 n = 2 for Pb2+ and n = 1 for I–.

In an acid–base reaction, the reaction unit is the number
of H+ ions donated by an acid or accepted by a base

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

 n = 2 for H2SO4 and n = 1 for NH3

For a complexation reaction, the reaction unit is the
number of electron pairs that can be accepted by the
metal or donated by the ligand
Ag+ is 2 and that for NH3 is 1
In an oxidation–reduction reaction the reaction unit is
the number of electrons released by the reducing agent
or accepted by the oxidizing agent
 n = 1 for Fe3+ and n = 2 for Sn2+

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

 Equivalent weight:The mass of a compound

containing one equivalent (EW).
 Formula weight:The mass of a compound
containing onemole (FW).
 Equivalent weights (EW) per unit volume and, like
formality, is independent of speciation

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

 An equivalent weight is defined as the ratio of a

chemical species’ formula weight (FW) to the
number of its equivalents

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 5:
NaOH solution contain 4g of pure NaOH to dilute 1000
ml (M = 40g).
Weight of NaOH : m = 4g
Molarity of NaOH : M = 40g
Volumne of disolled : V = 1000ml

m 4
CM 
M .V
x1000  CM 
40x1000
x1000  0,1M

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 6 : Calculate the molarity of the H2SO4 solution,

knowing that to make a solution with a volume of 500ml,
49 g of concentrated H2SO4 is required. Molarity of H2SO4
(M = 98 grams)
 Weight of H2SO4: m = 49g
 Molarity: M = 98g
 volume of required V = 500ml

m 49
CM  .1000  x1000  1( M )
M .V 98x500

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 7: 2,7g NaCl in 100ml solution. Calculate

concentration of NaCl solution.

m 2,7
CM  .1000  x1000  0,46( M )
M .V 58,5 x100

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

 Normality
The number of equivalents of solute per liter of
solution (N). The number of equivalents, n, is based
on a reaction unit
mct
CN  .1000
E.Vdd
 Equivalent weight: The mass of a compound
containing one equivalent (E)
N  n*M
 Formula weight: The mass of a compound containing
one mole (M).

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UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 7 . Calculate the equivalent weight and

normality for a solution of 6.0 M H3PO4 given the
following reactions:

UNITS FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Example 8: Calculate the equivalent concentration of

AgNO3 solution (M = 108), when 1.35g AgNO3 is
dissolved in water to form 250ml of solution

Molarity of AgNO3: M = 170g/mol.

Solution : V = 250ml.
Ag+ = 1 EW= FW of AgNO3:

m 1.35
CN  .1000  x1000  0.03N
Ex.V 170 x 250

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

 The units of concentration most frequently

encountered in analytical chemistry are
molarity, weight percent, volume percent, weight-to-
volume percent

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Example 10. A concentrated solution of aqueous

ammonia is 28.0% w/w NH3 and has a density of 0.899
g/mL. What is the molar concentration of NH3 in this
solution?

Solution

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Example 11 : Determine the weight of 20% NaOH

solution that needs to be added to 1000g of water to obtain
a 5% NaOH solution
ma c  b m NaOH c  b
 

mb a  c mH 2O a  c
m NaOH, a = 20%
m Pure Water = 1000g, b = 0
obtained NaOH solution: c = 5%
cb 50
mNaOH  xmH 2O  x1000  333,3g
ac 20  5

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

To prepare lower concentrations from strong

concentration
Mix a% solution with b% solution (of the same substance)
to get a c% solution with a > c > b if a > b.
The ratio is calculate by the diagonal rule
a (c – b) = ma
ma c  b
c  
mb a  c
b (a – c) = mb

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Relationship between some common concentrations

m m
CM 
m
.1000 CN  .1000 C %(kl / kl )  ct  100
M .V Ex.V d .V dd

Relationship exists between normality and molarity

CN
CM   C N  n.C M
n

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Example 12.
C2H5OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4  CH3CHO +Cr2(SO4)3 +
K2SO4 + H2O.
The concentraion of 3M of K2Cr2O7 solution is ?
Number of electrons exchanged: 2Cr 6+ - 6e  2Cr 3+

C N  n.CM  6 x3  18

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Relationship between of CM and C% :

10.C %.d C .M
CM   C%  M
M 10.d

Example: Calculate CM of 10% NaOH solution, (dNaOH

10% =1,10). 10 x10 x1,1
CM   2,75M
40
.

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

 Example 13 : Calculate C% of 14,8M NH4OH

solution (d = 0,899g/ml, M = 17,03g/l)

C M .M 14,8 x17,03
C%  C%   28,03%
10.d 10 x0,899

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

 Example 14: Calculate CN of 14.35% (d = 1.1g/ml)

sulfuric acid solution.
 Solution
C (%).d 14.35x1.1
CN  .10 CN  .10  3.22 N
E 49
 Example 15: 200 ml of 0.25 M NH3 solution to be
diluted from 28% of NH3 (d=0.899g/ml)?
10.C %.d 10 x 28 x0,899
CM   CM   14,8M
M 17,03

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

 Relationship between CM and Pg/l:

Pg / l  M .C M
 Relationship between CN and Pg/l:
Pg / l  E.C N
 Relationship between C% and Pg/l:

Pg / l  10.d.C%

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Preparing Solutions by Dilution

Co.Vo = C1V1
Co, Vo is the concentration and volume of the stock solution
C1, V1 is the concentration and volume of the dilute
solution.

Calculating reaction
CNA.VA  CNB .VB

CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Example 15: A laboratory procedure calls for 250 mL of an

approximately 0.10 M solution of NH3. Describe how you
would prepare this solution using a stock solution of
concentrated NH3 (14.8 M).

Solution: 14.8 M. Vo = 0.10 M. 0.25 L

Vo gives 1.69 × 10–3 L, or 1.7 mL

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CONVERTING BETWEEN CONCENTRATION UNITS

Example 16: A laboratory procedure calls for 1000 mL of

an approximately 0.10 N solution of HCl. Describe how
you would prepare this solution using a stock solution
of concentrated HCL (12.1 N).

Co .Vo  C1.V1


C1.Vl 0,1x1000
Vo    8,26ml
C0 12,1

BUFFER SOLUTIONS

A solution containing a conjugate weak acid/weak base pair

that is resistant to a change in pH when a strong acid or strong
base is added

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BUFFER SOLUTIONS

The relationship between the pH of an acid–base buffer and

the relative amounts of CH3COOH and CH3COO– is derived
by taking the negative log of both sides

BUFFER SOLUTIONS

USES: Buffers are used to establish and maintain an

ion activity within narrow limits.

The most common systems are used for the following:

- To establish hydrogen-ion activity for the calibration of pH

meters in the preparation of dosage forms that approach
isotonicity in analytical procedures to maintain stability of
various dosage forms

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BUFFER SOLUTIONS

 Preparation Previously dry the crystalline reagents at

110°–120° for 1 h, except for boric acid and sodium
acetate trihydrate.
 Where water is specified for solution or dilution of test
substances in pH determinations, use carbon dioxide-
free water.
 Store the prepared solutions in chemically resistant,
tight containers such as Type 1 glass bottles. Use the
solutions within 3 months.

BUFFER SOLUTIONS

STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS

Standard solutions of definite pH are readily available in buffer
solutions prepared from the appropriate reagents.
Buffer solutions, buffer tablets, and buffer solids may be
obtained from commercial sources in convenient prepackaged
form.

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VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
 by accurately weighing/dilute a suitable quantity of
the chemical/strong concentration and dissolving it
to produce a specific volume of solution of known
concentration

VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
 Correction factor:
The correction factor so obtained is used in all
calculations where such solutions are used
 The concentration of the volumetric solution does
not differ from the prescribed one by more than
10%.
 The repeatability does not exceed 0.2% (relative
standard deviation). The correction factor should be
redetermined frequently.

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VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
Preparation and standardization
 Preparation by dilution: to prepare lower
concentrations accurately by making an exact dilution
of a stronger solution.
 Dilute solutions that are not stable are preferably
prepared
 Preparation by standardization of volumetric solutions

 Preparation by accurately weighing of chemical PA

VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS

Example 16.
0.1 N Hydrochloric Acid VS, from 36.46%
hydrochloric acid
 3.646 g in 1000 mL
Dilute 8.5 mL of hydrochloric acid with water to 1000
mL.

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VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS

 Standardization:Accurately weigh about 0.5 g

of tromethamine, dried according to the label
instructions or, if this information is not available, dried
at 105° for 3 h. Dissolve in 50 mL of water, and add 2
drops of bromocresol green
 Titrate with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid to a pale yellow
endpoint. Each 12.114 mg of tromethamine is equivalent
to 1 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid

VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
Example 17. Dilute 100.0 ml of 0.10 N H2C2O4 solution
from the primary substance H2C2O4.2H2O

M
EH 2 C 2 O4 .2 H 2 O   63,03
2
m
CN  .1000
Ex.V

CN .E.V 0,1.63,03.100
mH 2C2O4 .2 H 2O    0,6303g
1000 1000

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VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
 Correction factor K
Standardization with primary standard

a is weight of primary standard

T is the theoretical titration of the primary standard (g/ml)
V is the number of ml of titration solution used.
M is Molecular mass of
the substance to be titrated m
Tg / ml 
1000

VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
Standardization with a known titration solution (Ko)

Co, Vo is the theoretical concentration and the number of the

titration solution used for standardization
C is the theoretical concentration of the titration solution to
be prepared
V is the number of ml of titrant solution to be used to
determine the K factor.

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VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
If K is outside the specified range, the solution should be
diluted or concentrated
 K>1 dilution is required

the number of ml of solvent to be added to 1000 ml of

solution = (K - 1) .1000

 K< 1: add the chemical primary PA

the number of grams of chemical that must be added to
1000 ml of the solution = (1-K).1000

Case study
1. Determine the K factor of 0.1 N NaOH solution with
potassium hydrophthalate C8H5O4K as 1.08. Let's
adjust the K factor to the allowable range. Indicates
that 500 ml of NaOH has been prepared and 30 ml has
been used up for titration.
2. Determine the K factor of 0.1 N NaOH solution with
potassium hydrophthalate C8H5O4K as 0.95. Let's
adjust the K factor to the allowable range. Indicates
that 500 ml of NaOH has been prepared and 30 ml has
been used up for titration.

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