Review of Stoichiometric Calculations

Chapter 2
Review of
stoichiometric
calculations
AC1 1
Significant figures
How many significant figures?

1.010 4 1 x 102
0.020 2 1.0 x 102
100 1, 2 or 3 1.00 x 102
Rounding off number
0.957  0.96
0.955  0.96
0.965  0.96
0.945  0.94
AC1 2
Significant Figures cont.
 Addition and subtraction
5.345 + 6.728 = 12.073
7.26 – 6.69 = 0.57
135.621 + 0.33 + 21.2163 = 157.17
 Rounding off numbers
121.7948 121.79
121.7960 121.80
121.795 121.80
121.785 121.78
AC1 3
 When adding or subtracting numbers, always

express the numbers with the same exponent:
1.632 x 105 1.632 x 105
4.107 x 103 0.04107 x 105
0.984 x 106 9.84 x 105
AC1 4
 When multiplying and dividing the no. of sig.

figs is the same as the number having the
fewest sig. figs.
22.91  0.152
 0.21361  0.214
16.302
 When performing calculations, do not round

off until the calculation is complete.
AC1 5
Stoichiometric Calculations
 Molarity
 Normality
 Dilution calculations
 Expressions of Analytical Results
 Solid sample
 Liquid sample
AC1 6
Concentrations of solutions
m(g): mass of the solute (molecular M)

q (g): mass of the solvent
V (mL): volume of the solution (m (g) solute + q
(g) solvent)
AC1 7
Concentrations of solutions
m (g) V (mL)
 Concentration (g/L)– The
number of grams of the solute
per liter of solution m
C ( g / l )   1000
V
 T (g/mL) or T (mg/mL) – the number of grams

or number of milligrams of the solute in 1 mL
solution
m m
T ( g / ml )  ; T (mg / ml )  1000
V V
AC1 8
Concentrations of Solutions
 Molarity (CM): the number of moles of the
solute per liter of the solution
 Normality (CN): the number of equivalents of
the solute per liter of the solution
m 1000
CM  
m 1000 M V
CN  
M /n V
 The equivalent weight (EW = M/n) is the formula
weight divided by the number of reacting units (n)
 The number of reacting units (n) depends on the
chemical reaction
AC1 9
Concentrations of Solutions
 Dilutions
 The millimoles taken for dilution will be the

same as the millimoles in the diluted solutions
M stock  mL stock  M diluted  mL diluted
a(%) c  b ma
c(%) 
b(%) a  c mb
AC1 10
Expressions of Analytical Results
 Solid samples
 Macro determinations
 Weight percent: grams of solute per 100 g of sample
wt solute ( g )
% ( wt / wt )  % ( g solute / g sample )  [ ]  100
wt sample ( g )
 Trace concentrations
 Parts per million (ppm): milligrams of solute per kilogram
of sample
 Parts per billion (ppb): micrograms of solute per
kilogram of sample
1 ppm  1mg / kg  10 3 ppb
AC1 11
 Liquid samples
 Macro determinations
 Volume percent: Milliliters of solute per 100 mL of
solution (% v/v)
 Weight-to-volume percent: grams of solute per 100
mL of solution (% w/v)
vol solute ( mL )
% ( v / v )  % ( mLs solute / mLs sample )  [ ]  100
vol sample ( mL )
wt solute ( g )
% ( w / v )  % ( g solute / mL sample )  [ ]  100
vol sample ( mL )
AC1 12
 Liquid samples
 Trace concentrations
 Parts per million (ppm): milligrams of solute per liter
of solution
 Parts per billion (ppb): micrograms of solute per liter
of solution
1 ppm  1mg / L  1 g / mL  10 3 ppb
AC1 13
 Concentrations of Solutions
 Density calculations – How do we convert to
molarity?
 Density is the weight per unit volume at the
specified temperature, usually g/mL at 20 oC.
AC1 14
Example
HCl 36.5% (d = 1.180 g/mL)
- Number of grams of HCl in
1 mL solution
1000 mL weight 1180 g
- Molar concentration of this
solution 36.5 g HCl in 100 g
- How many mililiters of HCl solution
36.5% used for making 200
mL of HCl 3M?
- How many mililiters of HCl
36.5% added to 100 mL of
water to produce HCl 5%?
AC1 15
Equivalent weight – Example
2 KMnO4  5 H 2O2  3 H 2 SO4  2 MnSO4  5O2  K 2 SO4  8 H 2O
M/ 5 M/2
   2
2 K  2 MnO4  5 H 2O2  6 H  3 SO4 
2 2  2
2 Mn  2 SO4  5O2  2 K  SO4  8 H 2O
  2
2 MnO4  5 H 2O2  6 H  2 Mn  5O2  8 H 2O
+7 +2
  2 0
MnO4  8 H  5e  Mn  4 H 2O, E  1.51v x2
-1 0

H 2 O2  2 e  2 H  O2 , E o  0,682v x5
AC1 16
Equivalent weight – Example
H 3 PO4  NaOH  NaH 2 PO4  H 2O
M/ 1 M/1
H   OH   H 2O
H 3 PO4  2 NaOH  Na2 HPO4  2 H 2O

M/ 2 M/1
  2
Cu  3CN  [Cu(CN )3 ]
M/ 1 3M M/2
2  4
Fe  6CN  [ Fe (CN ) 6 ]
M/2 3M M/4
AC1 17

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Chapter 2

How many significant figures?

 When adding or subtracting numbers, always

 When multiplying and dividing the no. of sig.

 When performing calculations, do not round

m(g): mass of the solute (molecular M)

 T (g/mL) or T (mg/mL) – the number of grams

 The millimoles taken for dilution will be the

M stock  mL stock  M diluted  mL diluted

1 ppm  1mg / kg  10 3 ppb

1 ppm  1mg / L  1 g / mL  10 3 ppb

H 3 PO4  2 NaOH  Na2 HPO4  2 H 2O

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