Book 2
Book 2
Book 2
BALANCE
SEM 11 (2012/2013)
Chapter 2
Week 2
Processes and Process Variables
Temperature Density
Processes and
Process Variables
Pressure Flow rate
Chemical composition
Process
Input/Feed Unit Output/Product
Solution:
a) 20 cm3 1.595 g
= 31.9 g
cm3
b)
6.20 lbm 454 g cm3
= 1760 cm3
1 lbm 1.595 g
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity (SG)
Ratio of the density () of the substance to the
density of a reference (ref) substance at a specific
condition:
SG = /ref
20˚
SG= 0.6
4˚
TEST YOURSELF
If the specific gravity of a liquid is 2.00, find its density in the following units:
a) g/cm3 Solution:
b) kg/m3
c) lbm/ft3 a) 2.00 g/cm3
b) 2.00 x 103 kg/m3
c) 124.86 lbm/ft3
EXERCISE
b) Density in lbm/ft3
0.5 62.43 lbm
ρ= = 31.215 lbm/ft3
ft3
c) Mass of 3 cm3 of this liquid
3 cm3 0.5 g
= 1.5 g
cm 3
Can be expressed as :
mass flow rate, m (mass/time)
volumetric flow rate, V (volume/time)
• The density of a fluid can be used to convert a known volumetric flow rate of a
process stream to the mass flow rate of that stream or vice versa.
m / V m / V
The mass flow rates of process streams must be known for many process
calculations, but it is frequently more convenient to measure volumetric flow
rates than mass flow rate.
Therefore, the density is used to convert volume flow rate to mass flow rate.
FLOWMETER
Flow meter Device mounted in a process line that provides a
continuous reading of the flow rate in the line.
Unit for moles are g-mole, kmol,lb-mole ( g-mole is same as mol {SI unit} )
MOLES & MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M
kg/kmol, M g/mol, and M lbm/lb-mole of this substance.
m
n M
a) What is the molar flow rate for 100kg/h CO2 (M=44) fed to
the reactor?
O2 16%
CO 4%
CO2 17%
N2 63%
M y1 M1 y 2 M 2 ..... y M i
all component
i
Solution:
(c) 29 kg/kmol
(d) 29 g/mol
CONCENTRATION
• Mass concentration (cA):
mass of A
cA
Volume of mixture
• Molarity :
moles of A
Molarity
Volume of mixture in Liter
CONCENTRATION
• 0.02 molar solution of NaOH means:
A solution containing 0.02 mol NaOH/L
• If a stream of this solution flows at a rate of 2 L/min, the molar flow rate of
NaOH is:
May refer to mass ratios (usual for liquids) or mole ratios (usual for
gases)
ppmi= yi x 106
ppbi = yi x 109
• Pressure units: dynes/cm2, lbf/in2 or psi, (N/m2 is called a Pascal (Pa) SI unit)
• The fluid pressure may be defined as the ratio F/A, where F is the minimum
force that would have to be exerted on a frictionless plug in the hole to keep
the fluid from emerging.
F (N)
A (m2)
P (N/m2) A (m2)
F (N)
P (N/m2)
PRESSURE
• Hydrostatic pressure of the fluid- the pressure P of the fluid at the base of
the column
P = Po + ρgh
• Head pressure- the height of a hypothetical column of the fluid that would
exert the given pressure at its base if the pressure at the top were zero.
• The equivalence between a pressure P (force/area) and the corresponding
head Ph (height of a fluid) is given by:
• A typical value of the atmospheric pressure at sea level, 760.0 mm Hg, has been
designated as a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere.
• The fluid pressure referred to so far are all absolute pressures, in that a pressure of
zero corresponds to a perfect vacuum.
Solution:
Ph = Po + ρgh
T (K) = T (˚ C) + 273.15
T (˚R) = T (˚ F) + 459.67
T (˚ R) = 1.8T (K)
T (˚ F) = 1.8T (˚ C) + 32
Conversion Factor for Interval Temperature
b) T (C ) T ( F )
1C
1.8 F
1C
(80 20) F 33.3C
1.8 F