1

Some Contributions to 2

(α,β)-Bipolar Fuzzy ideals in Ring

Supervised By
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shabir

By : Faiza Tufail
 INTRODUCTION 3

By using the concept of bipolar fuzzy set of a ring, we define the concept of (α,
β)-bipolar fuzzy ideals in rings and use them for the characterizations of regular,
intra-regular and both regular and intra-regular rings. Our special emphasis on
(ε,ενq)- bipolar fuzzy ideals of rings. Moreover notions of weak (ε,ενq) - bipolar
fuzzy subring, weak (ε,ενq) - bipolar fuzzy ideals and weak (ε,ενq) - bipolar
fuzzy bi-ideals are introduced and some results related to these notions are given.
Also some results concerning the upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy subsets
of ring are discussed.
 Table Of Contents 4

 Basic theory of ring

 Bipolar fuzzy subsets of ring

 (α, β)-bipolar fuzzy subsets and ideals of ring

 Characterizations of regular and intra-regular rings in terms of

(∈,∈∨q)- bipolar fuzzy ideals and (∈,∈∨q)- bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal
 5

Basic Theory of Ring

  Basic notions and results 6

 A ring T≠Φ is a set with two binary operations "+" and "⋅", which
satisfies the following conditions:

(i). (T,+) is an abelian group.

(ii). (T,⋅) is semi-group.

(iii). Left and right distributive laws of multiplication over addition hold, that
is:

q⋅(r + t)=(q ⋅ r)+(q ⋅ t) and (r + t)⋅q=(r ⋅ q)+(t ⋅ q) for all q, r, t ∈T.

 Example 4 7
The set T = {0,1,2,3} with the "+" and "⋅" defined as

+ 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 2 3
2 2 3 0 1 2 0 2 0 2
3 3 0 1 2 3 0 3 2 1

is a commutative ring with identity 1.

  Basic notions and results 8

 A nonempty subset G of a ring T is called a subring of T, if G is

itself a ring with the operations of the ring T.
 Example 7

The subset T={0,3,6,9,12} of the ring ℤ₁₅ with the "+" and "⋅" is a
subring of ℤ₁₅.
  Basic notions and results 9

 A nonempty subset G of a ring T is called a left (right) ideal of T

if

(i). (G,+) is a subgroup of (T,+) and

(ii). tλ ∈ G (λt∈G) for all t ∈ T, λ ∈ G.

G is called a two sided ideal or simply an ideal of T if it is both a left

and right ideal of T.
 Basic notions and results 10

 A nonempty subset G of a ring T is called a bi-ideal of T

if

(i). G is a subring of T

(ii). GTG⊆ G.
 Example 14
 
11

Let ℤ be the ring of integers and M₂(ℤ) be the collection of all

2×2 matrices with entries from ℤ. Then M₂(ℤ) is a ring with
respect to addition of matrices and multiplication of matrices.
Let A={ : a ∈ ℤ }. Then A is a BI of M₂(ℤ).
  Basic notions and results 12

 A ring T is said to be a regular if for each q ∈ T there exists a

∈ T such that q = qaq.
 Theorem 18
For every left ideal G and right ideal H of a ring T, T is
regular if and only if G ∩ H= HG.
 Theorem 19
A ring T is regular if and only if G = GTG for every
bi-ideal G of T.
  Basic notions and results 13
  
 A ring T is said to be an intra-regular ring if for each element q ∈
T, there exist elements and of T such that

 Theorem 21
The given conditions are equivalent for a ring T
(i) T is intra-regular.
(ii) ϒ∧ζ ≼ ϒ∘ζ for every LI ϒ = (T; , ) and every RI ζ = (T; , ) of T.
 Basic notions and results 14

 Theorem 22
Let G be a bi-ideal of ring T. Then T is both regular and
intra-regular if and only if G = G²
 15

Bipolar Fuzzy sets and ideals of a Ring

 16
The idea of fuzzy sets was presented by Zadeh in 1965. The fuzzy hypothesis has
created in numerous directions and found applications in a wide variety of
different fields. The notion of fuzzy subgroup was made by Rosenfeld [20] in
1971. Fuzzy ideals of rings were introduced by W. Liu [15] and it has been studied
by several authors [9][11]. The concept of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with
a fuzzy subset was introduced by Ming and Ming [17]. In [2], using the idea of
quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy subset Bhakat and Das defined
different types of fuzzy subgroups called, (ε, ενq)-fuzzy subgroups.
 17

In particular, they introduced (ε, ενq)- fuzzy subgroup which was an

important and useful generalization of Rosenfelds fuzzy subgroup.
It is natural to investigate similar types of generalizations of the
existing fuzzy subsystems of other fuzzy algebraic structures. In
this way, the notions of (ε,ενq)-fuzzy subrings and (ε,ενq)- fuzzy
ideals of a ring were introduced by Bhakat and Das [5] and they
characterized such fuzzy ideals.
  Bipolar valued Fuzzy Sets : 18

  
 A bipolar valued fuzzy set γ in T is of the form γ = {(q |q ∈ T, (q, (q),(q))},
where as , are mappings, such that : T → [-1, 0] and : T→[0, 1]. (q) denotes
the satisfaction degree of q to some implicit counter property of γ = (T; , )
and (q) denotes the satisfaction degree of q corresponding to bipolar valued
fuzzy set γ = (T; , ).

 Let γ = (T; , ) and ζ = (T; , ) be two BFSs of a ring T. Then γ ≺ζ iff (q) ≥ (q)
and (q) ≤ (q) for all q ∈ T and γ = ζ iff γ ≺ζ and ζ≺γ.
  Product Of Bipolar Fuzzy Sets Of a 19

Ring
 
Definition 74



Let γ = (T; , ) and ζ = (T; , ) be BFSs of a ring T. Then their product is a BFS of T
denoted by γ ∘ ζ = ( T;∘ , ∘ ), where
∘ (q) = n
2 á 1 Ý LpÝ a i Þ T QpÝ b i ÞÞâ
n i =1
q= > ai bi
i =1
n
0 if q is not expressibleas q = > a i b i
i =1
 20

 And

∘ (q) =
n
1 á 2 Ý LnÝ a i Þ U QnÝ b i ÞÞâ
n i =1
q= > ai bi
i =1
n
0 if q is not expressibleas q = > a i b i
i =1
  Bipolar Characteristic Function 21

  
 Consider a subset G ≠ φ of a ring T. Then the characteristic function of G is
denoted by = (T; , ; ) where and are defined by

(q) = and (q) =

  Bipolar Fuzzy subring of a Ring 22
  
 Definition 75

A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is called bipolar fuzzy subring of T, if it satisfies

the given conditions:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r)} and (q- r) ≤ ∨{(q), (r)}

(ii) (q r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r)} and (q r) ≤ ∨{(q), ( r)}

for all q, r ∈ T.
 23
 Example 76
Consider the ring T = {0,l,m,n }
+ 0 l m n . 0 l m n
0 0 l m n 0 0 0 0 0
l l 0 n m l 0 0 l m
m m n 0 l m 0 0 m l
n n m l 0 n 0 0 n n

We define a BFS γ of T such that

T 0 l m n
-0.5 -0.55 -0.6 -0.7
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Then γ is a bipolar fuzzy subring of T.

 Bipolar Fuzzy bi-ideal of a Ring 24

 
Definition 77



A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is a BFBI of T, if it satisfies:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r)} and (q- r) ≤ ∨{(q), (r)}

(ii) (q r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r)} and (q r) ≤ ∨{(q), ( r)}

(iii) (q r t) ≥ ∧{(q), (t)} and (q r t) ≤ ∨{(q), ( t)}

for all q, r, t ∈ T.
  Bipolar Fuzzy ideals of a Ring 25

  Definition 78


 A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is said to be a BFL(R)I of T, if it satisfies:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r)} and (q- r) ≤ ∨{(q), (r)}

(ii) (q r) ≥ (r) and (q r) ≤ ( r) { (q r) ≥ (q) and (q r) ≤ (q) }

for all q, r ∈ T.

 Let γ = (T; , ) be a BFS of a ring T. Then γ is said to a BFI of T, if it is both

BFLI and BFRI of T.
 26

(α, β)-bipolar fuzzy ideals of ring

  Bipolar Fuzzy Point of a Ring 27
  
 Consider a ring T, then a BFS γ = (T; , ) of a ring T of the form

(q) = and (q) =

where (h, k)∈[-1,0)×(0,1] and q, r ∈ T, is said to be bipolar fuzzy

point with support q and value (h, k).
  Bipolar Fuzzy Point of a Ring 28
  
 Consider a BFS γ = (T; , ) of a ring T and a bipolar fuzzy point , we say that

belong to (quasi-coincident with) a BFS written as ∈ γ ( resp. q γ ) if (i). ∈ γ if

(q) ≥ k and (q)≤h

(ii). q γ if (q)+k > 1 and (q)+h<-1

(iii). ∈∨q γ if ∈ γ or q γ

(iv). ∈∧q γ if ∈ γ and q γ

(v). γ if ∈ γ does not hold.

  (α,β)-bipolar fuzzy subring 29

 
Definition 103


Let γ be a BFS of a ring T. Then γ is said to be an (α, β)- bipolar fuzzy subring

of T if

(i) α γ and α γ → β γ

(ii) α γ and α γ → β γ

for all q, r ∈ T and ( h₁, k₁ ),( h₂, k₂ ) ∈ [ -1, 0 ) × ( 0, 1 ].

  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring 30

  
 Theorem 107
A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is an (∈,∈∨q)- bipolar fuzzy subring of T, then
it satisfies the given conditions:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q- r) ≤ ∨{ (q), (r), -0.5 }

(ii) (q r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q r) ≤ ∨{(q), ( r), -0.5 }

for all q, r ∈ T.
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring 31

 Remark
Converse of above theorem is not true.
 Example 109
Consider the ring T = {0,l,m,n } with the following binary operation

+ 0 l m n . 0 l m n
0 0 l m n 0 0 0 0 0
l l 0 n m l 0 0 l m
m m n 0 l m 0 0 m l
n n m l 0 n 0 0 n n
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring 32
 Let γ be an BFS of T such that
T 0 l m n
-0.55 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4
0.6 0.8 0.7 0.65

 Then (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q- r) ≤ ∨{ (q), (r), -0.5 } is true for all q, r ∈ T. But if q =
l, r = m and q - r = n. Then converse of previous Theorem does not hold because ∈ γ , ∈ γ
then but (n)=0.65 < 0.7 implies that γ. Also (n) + 0.7 = 0.65 + 0.7 =1.35 > 1 but (n) + (-0.4)
= -0.4+(-0.4) = -0.8 ≮-1 and γ. Hence γ.
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring 33
 Let γ be an BFS of T such that
T 0 l m n
-0.55 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4
0.6 0.8 0.65 0.7

 Then (q r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q r) ≤ ∨{ (q), (r), -0.5 } is true for all q, r ∈ T. But if q = l,
r = n and q r = m. Then converse of previous Theorem does not hold because ∈ γ , ∈ γ then
but (m)=0.65 < 0.7 implies that γ. Also (m) + 0.65 = 0.65 + 0.7 =1.35 > 1 but (m) + (-0.4) =
-0.4+(-0.4) = -0.8 ≮-1 and γ. Hence γ.
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring 34

 
Theorem 111



If γ = (T; , ) is a nonzero (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring of T, then the set ={q

∈ T ∣ ( q) ≠ 0} ∩ {q ∈ T ∣ ( q) ≠ 0} is a subring of T.
 Theorem 112
If γ = (T; , ) is a nonzero (q,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy subring of T, then the set ={q
∈ T ∣ ( q) ≠ 0} ∩ {q ∈ T ∣ ( q) ≠ 0} is a subring of T.
  (α,β)-bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal 35
  
 Definition 118
Let γ be a BFS of a ring T. Then γ is said to be an (α, β)- bipolar fuzzy subring of T

if it satisfies:

( i ) α γ and α γ → β γ

( ii ) α γ and α γ → β γ

(iii) α γ and α γ → β γ

for all q, r, t ∈ T and ( h₁, k₁ ),( h₂, k₂ ) ∈ [ -1, 0 ) × ( 0, 1 ].

  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal 36
  
 Theorem 122
A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is an (∈,∈∨q)- bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal of T, then it satisfies the
given conditions:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q- r) ≤ ∨{ (q), (r), -0.5 }

(ii) (q r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q r) ≤ ∨{(q), ( r), -0.5 }

(iii) (q r t) ≥ ∧{(q), (t), 0.5 } and (q r t) ≤ ∨{(q), (t), -0.5 }

for all q, r, t ∈ T.
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal 37

 Remark
Converse of the above theorem is not true.

 Example 124
Consider the ring T = {0,l,m,n } with the following binary operation:
. 0 l m n
0 0 0 0 0
l 0 0 0 0
m 0 0 0 l
n 0 0 l m
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy bi-ideal 38
 Let γ be an BFS of T such that
T 0 l m n
-0.5 -0.4 -0.8 -0.7
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

 
Then (q r t) ≥ ∧{(q), (t), 0.5 } and (q r t) ≤ ∨{ (q), (t), -0.5 } is true for all q, r, t ∈ T. But if q = l, r = m, t = n
then lmn = 0. Then converse of previous Theorem does not hold because ∈ γ , ∈ γ then but (0) = 0.5 ’< 0.7
and (0) = -0.5 < -0.4 implies that γ. Also (0) + 0.5 = 0.5 + 0.6 =1.35 > 1 but (0) + (-0.4) = -0.5+(-0.4) = -0.9 ≮-1
and γ. Hence γ.
  (α,β)-bipolar fuzzy left (right) ideal 39

 
Definition 134


Let γ be a BFS of a ring T. Then γ is said to be an (α, β)- bipolar fuzzy

left( resp. right) ideal of T if

( i ) α γ and α γ → β γ

( ii ) α γ and r ∈ T → β γ

for all q, r ∈ T and ( h, k )∈ [ -1, 0 ) × ( 0, 1 ].

  (∈∈∨
, q)-bipolar fuzzy left ( right) ideal 40

  
 Theorem 137
A BFS γ = (T; , ) in a ring T is an (∈,∈∨q)- bipolar fuzzy left ideal of T, if it
satisfies the given conditions:

(i) (q - r) ≥ ∧{(q), (r), 0.5 } and (q- r) ≤ ∨{ (q), (r), -0.5 }

(ii) (q r) ≥ ∧{(r), 0.5 } and (q r) ≤ ∨{( r), -0.5 }

for all q, r ∈ T.
  (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy left (right) ideal 41

 Remark
Converse of the above theorem is not true.
 42

Upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy

sets
 Upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy sets 43

 
Definition 141



If γ = (T; , ) is a BFS of a ring T. Then the upper part γ ⁺=(T; ⁺, ⁺) of γ is

defined as ⁺ ( q)= ( q)∧-0.5 and ⁺ ( q)= ( q)∨0.5 and lower part of γ, γ
⁻=(T; ⁻, ⁻) of γ is defined as ⁻ (q)= (q)∨-0.5 and ⁻ (q)= (q)∧0.5 for all
q ∈ T.
 Upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy sets 44

 
Proposition 145



 Let γ = (T; , ) and ζ = (T; , ) are two BFS of a ring T. Then the
following equations hold:

(i) [γ ∧ ζ ]⁻=[γ ⁻∧ ζ ⁻ ]

(ii) [γ ∨ ζ ]⁻=[γ ⁻∨ ζ ⁻ ]

(iii) [γ ∘ ζ ]⁻=[γ ⁻∘ ζ ⁻ ]
 Upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy sets 45

 
Proposition 146



 Let γ = (T; , ) and ζ = (T; , ) are two BFS of a ring T. Then the following
equations hold:

(i) [γ ∧ ζ ]⁺=[γ ⁺∧ ζ ⁺]

(ii) [γ ∨ ζ ]⁺=[γ ⁺∨ ζ ⁺ ]

(iii) [γ ∘ ζ]⁺≥[γ ⁺∘ ζ ⁺] If every element a of T is expressible as a = , then

(γ ∘ζ )⁺=(γ ⁺∘ ζ ⁺ ).
 Upper and lower parts of bipolar fuzzy sets 46

 
Theorem 147



For an (∈, ∈∨q)-BFRI γ = (T; , ) and an (∈,

∈∨q)-BFLI ζ = (T; , ) , we have

(γ ∘ ζ)⁻≼(γ ∧ ζ)⁻.
 47

Characterizations of regular and intra-regular

rings in terms of (∈,∈∨q)-bipolar fuzzy ideals
  Characterizations of regular and intra-regular 48
rings in terms of (∈ ,∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy ideals

 
 Theorem

160
A ring T is a regular ring if and only if for every (∈, ∈∨q)-BFLI ζ = (T; , ) and
every (∈, ∈∨q)-BFRI γ = (T; , ) of T, we have

(γ ∧ ζ)⁻ = (γ ∘ ζ)⁻
 Theorem 161
A ring T is a regular ring if and only if for every (∈, ∈∨q) BFBI γ = (T; , ) of T,
we have γ ⁻ ≼ (γ ∘ ∘ γ )⁻.
  Characterizations of regular and intra-regular 49
rings in terms of (∈ ,∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy ideals

 
Theorem 162



The following conditions are equivalent for a ring T:

(i). T is regular

(ii). (γ ∘ ζ)⁻ ≼ (γ ∘ ζ ∘ γ)⁻ for every (∈, ∈∨q) BFBI γ = (T; , ) and for every
(∈, ∈∨q) BFI ζ = (T; , ) of T.
  Characterizations of regular and intra-regular 50
rings in terms of (∈ ,∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy ideals

 
Theorem 163



The given conditions are equivalent for a ring T

(i). T is intra-regular

(ii). (γ ∧ ζ )⁻ ≼ (ζ ∘ γ)⁻ for every (∈, ∈∨q) BFRI γ = (T; , ) and for every
(∈, ∈∨q) BFLI ζ = (T; , ) of T.
  Characterizations of regular and intra-regular 51
rings in terms of (∈ ,∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy ideals

 
Theorem 164



A ring T is both regular and intra-regular if and only if (γ ∘ γ)⁻≤ γ ⁻ for each
(∈, ∈∨q)-BFBI γ = (T; , ) of T.
  References 52
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 53

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 54
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 55

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