Lenses: Converging Lens Diverging Lens

Lenses
F F
f f
Converging Diverging
Lens Lens
Find the focal length of a converging lens by
holding it up to a window.
(See how far away from the lens you need to hold
a piece of paper to focus the image on the paper.)
Ray Tracing for Lenses
 Light passes through a lens
 There is a focal point on both sides of a lens
Converging Lens:
Ray #1:
Parallel to the axis
Refracts through F
Ray #2:
Through F
Refracts parallel to axis
Ray #3:
Through Center of
lens undeflected
Example: Camera
Example: Slide Projector
Example:
Magnifying
Glass
Results: Ray Tracing for Converging Lenses
(in each case, draw in the 3 rays for practice)
Object distance > 2f: Image is real, smaller, and inverted
2F F F
Object between f and 2f: Image is real, larger, inverted
2F F F
Object between f and mirror: Image virtual, larger, upright
2F F F
Now, for Diverging lenses……
Web Link: Spherical mirrors and lenses
For a Diverging Lens:

Ray #1: Parallel to the axis on the left
Refracts as if it came from F on the left
Ray #2: Heads toward F on the right
Refracts parallel to the axis on the right
Ray #3: Through the center of the lens undeflected

2
Example: Glasses to correct nearsightedness

Results: Ray Tracing for Diverging Lenses
(draw in the 3 rays for practice)
No matter where the object is:

Image is always virtual, smaller and upright
F F
These equations also work on lenses:
1/U + 1/V = 1/f

M = V/U
The Thin Lens The Magnification

Equation Equation
But the variables are defined slightly differently

now because……….
For a mirror, a real For a lens, a real image

image was on the same is on the opposite side
side as the object as the object
Sign conventions for Lenses
Focal length (f) Object distance (U)

+ converging + object on the left
- diverging
Image distance (V) Magnification (m)

+ image on the right (real) + upright
- image on the left (virtual) - inverted
Ex:
lens
13cm
book
If the image of the book is 5.0 cm below

the lens, find the focal length of the lens.
Ex:
A camera with a focal length of 50 mm takes a

photograph of a 100 m tall building from 350 m
away. How tall is the image on the film?
The Human Eye
Web Links: Eye lens,

Vision and Eyesight
Near Point –
Closest distance the
eye can focus on Far Point –
(about 25 cm when Farthest distance
we are young) the eye can focus
on (should be  )
Someone who is Nearsighted cannot
focus on far away objects. (Their far
point is not at infinity.)
Nearsightedness can be corrected

with diverging lenses
Here’s how it works

Ex:

Without my contact lenses, I need to stand 35 cm or
less from the TV in order to see it in focus. Find the

focal length of the contact lenses that correct my
vision.
Someone who is Farsighted cannot
focus on objects too near.
Farsightedness can be corrected with

converging lenses
Here’s how it works

Ex:
The man has a near point of 48 cm. His

reading glasses are 2.0 cm from his eyes,
and with them on, he can read the
newspaper as close as 25 cm to his eyes.
Find the focal length of his glasses
Lens Aberrations
1) Spherical Aberration
Can you think of two ways that this

problem could be eliminated?
2) Chromatic Aberration
How to correct this problem?
Compound
(Achromatic)
Lens
An example:
A farsighted person is able to read a newspaper only
when it is held 75 cm away from their eyes. What is
the required focal length of this person’s reading
glasses in order for them to see with 20/20 vision?
75 cm = near point of the far-sighted eye
____
25 cm = the near point of a normal eye
____
25 cm away
So, we want an object that is placed ______
75 cm away, so the eye
to form a virtual image at _____
can then “see” it in focus.
• Recall from our convex lens lab that image
negative
distances for virtual images are _________.
1/U + 1/V = 1/f
1 1 1
 
25  75 f
f  3 7 . 5 cm
convex
• Recall that a positive focal length is a ________
lens, which makes sense since this is a farsighted
person.
• Can a person be nearsighted and farsighted at the
same time?
YES They require
______!
bifocals
_________ to correct concave
their vision problem.
• What is “astigmatism”? convex
An irregular curvature
__________ of the cornea… The remedy
are corrective lenses that have more curvature at one
point than another. Contact lenses fitted for an eye
with astigmatism are more expensive than “normal”
contacts!
One more question…. In William Golding's book Lord of
the Flies one of the boys (Piggy) is nearsighted. Golding
describes how the boys used Piggy's glasses to start a
much-needed fire:
"There was pushing and pulling and officious cries. Ralph
moved the lenses back and forth, this way and that, till a
glossy white image of the declining sun lay on a piece of rotten
wood. Almost at once a thin trickle of smoke rose up and made
him cough. Jack knelt too and blew gently, so that the smoke
drifted away, thickening, and a tiny flame appeared. The
flame, nearly invisible at first in that bright sunlight,
enveloped a small twig, grew, was enriched with color and
reached up to a branch which exploded with a sharp crack.
The flame flapped higher and the boys broke into a cheer."
What blunder did Golding make in writing this part of

the story?
The glasses need to be
convex lenses to start a
fire, but nearsightedness
requires concave lenses
to correct!
A converging lens is used to view an
object placed 36 cm from it. A virtual
image is
formed which is 2.5 times larger than the
object.
(i) State the defect of vision that this
lens would be used to correct.
An eye has a cornea-retina distance of 1.90 cm.
It has a far point and near point at distances of
60.0 cm and 15.0 cm respectively from the
cornea. Fig. 1.1 shows a cross-section of the eye
(not to scale) together with an object situated
beyond the far point of the eye.
State
(i) the type of lens required to correct the defect described
above
For this part of the question, assume that all of the refraction in
the eye takes place at the front surface of the cornea.
(ii) Calculate the power of the eye in when it is focused on an
object situated at its far point.
(iii) Calculate the power of the lens required to correct the
defect of the eye.
(iv) The eye has a near point at 15 cm. State and explain how
this distance will change when the corrective lens is
placed in front of the eye. No calculation is required.
Patients who suffer from the eye defect described above often also
suffer from astigmatism.
Explain the meaning of the term astigmatism and give a possible
cause.
• normal far point at infinity
• normal near point is about 25 cm
• the person is short-sight / myopia
• person can see things clearly and comfortably at distances
closer than a person with normal sight
• objects beyond 60 cm / beyond the far point form blurred
images
(i) p (= 1/f)= 1/v + 1/u

P = 1 / 0.60 + 1 / 0.019
P = 54.3 D or 54D
power when focused at infinity = 1 / 0.019 + 1 / ∞

P = 52.63 D
52.63 = 54.3 + (lens power)
lens power = - 1.69 D 1.69 or 1.7
power of eye is less (with corrective lens) / 1 / f is less / or
optical power less
so 1 / u must also be less (by the same factor as 1 / v is
constant)
so u must be larger / near point must further from the cornea
or
Near point moves further away
Corrective lens diverges rays / has a negative power / reduces
the power of the eye
Rays from new near point further away will be diverging so
the eye can just focus them on the retina / rays from old near
point will now be diverging too much to meet
on the retina / at near point the eye’s power is at its greatest /
astigmatism is a defect whereby the sufferer can see clearly in
one plane
(but not (clearly) in another ) NOT‘.....in one direction’
Possible cause /due to uneven curvature of cornea

Lenses: Converging Lens Diverging Lens

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Lenses

Object between f and 2f: Image is real, larger, inverted

Object between f and mirror: Image virtual, larger, upright

For a Diverging Lens:

Ray #3: Through the center of the lens undeflected

Example: Glasses to correct nearsightedness

No matter where the object is:

1/U + 1/V = 1/f

The Thin Lens The Magnification

But the variables are defined slightly differently

For a mirror, a real For a lens, a real image

Focal length (f) Object distance (U)

Image distance (V) Magnification (m)

If the image of the book is 5.0 cm below

A camera with a focal length of 50 mm takes a

Web Links: Eye lens,

Nearsightedness can be corrected

Here’s how it works

Farsightedness can be corrected with

Here’s how it works

The man has a near point of 48 cm. His

Can you think of two ways that this

How to correct this problem?

1/U + 1/V = 1/f

What blunder did Golding make in writing this part of

(i) p (= 1/f)= 1/v + 1/u

power when focused at infinity = 1 / 0.019 + 1 / ∞

Possible cause /due to uneven curvature of cornea

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