3.lecture 3 Flexure Singly Reinforced Beams

Behaviour of RC Beams
Reinforced concrete beams carry loads primarily by

bending.
They are, therefore, designed on the basis of limit

state of collapse in flexure.
The beams are also to be checked for other limit

states of shear and torsion.
Limit State of Collapse – FLEXURE
BEAMS
Assumptions
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after
bending.
This assumption ensures that the cross-section of the
member does not warp due to the loads applied. It
further means that the strain at any point on the cross-
section is directly proportional to its distance from the
neutral axis
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most
compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
It is very clear that the specified limiting strain of

0.0035 does not depend on the strength of
concrete.
3. The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is

assumed to be parabolic as shown in Fig 21 of IS
456
The design compressive stress-strain curve in the
structure is obtained by reducing the values of the
top parabolic curve in two stages.
First, dividing by 1.5 due to size effect and

secondly, again dividing by 1.5 considering the
partial safety factor of the material m
The middle and bottom curves represent these

stages.
Thus, the maximum compressive stress in bending

is limited to the constant value of 0.446 fck for the
strain ranging from 0.002 to 0.0035
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Concrete Section is assumed to be cracked in

tension zone. Tensile forces are resisted by
steel
5. The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived

from the representative stress-strain curves as
shown Figs. 23A and B of IS 456:2000, for the type of
steel used using the partial safety factor m ) as
1.15.
6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement
in the section at failure shall not be less than
fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002,

Or
0.87 fy / Es + 0.002,
where fy is the characteristic strength of steel and

Es = 200000 Mpa
This assumption ensures ductile failure in which the

tensile reinforcement undergoes a certain degree
of inelastic deformation before concrete fails in
compression.
Types of RC Beams based on
Area of Tension Steel (Ast)
At failure corresponding to compressive strain in concrete = 0.0035 , the Maximum strain in tension reinforcement depends on Area of Tension Steel in the section.
Three possible cases can arise depending on maximum strain in tension reinforcement being less than or equal to or greater than
fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002

Case 1
Strain in steel > fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002
– UNDER REINFORCED
(Adopted in Practice)
Case 2
Strain in Steel = fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002
– BALANCED
(Limiting Case)
Case 3
Strain in Steel < fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002
– OVER REINFORCED
(Should be avoided)
Types of RC beams based on
C/S area resisting Compression force
1.Singly or doubly reinforced rectangular beams
2.Singly or doubly reinforced T-beams
3.Singly or doubly reinforced L-beams

Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams
Reinforcement is Provided Only on tension face

Case 1: Analysis of UNDER REINFORCED
Rectangular Beams
Strain in Steel > (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002

0.0035
0.002 0.446 fck
Z = Lever arm
T= 0.87 fy Ast
> (0.87 fy/Es) + 0.002
Notations
Ast = area of tension steel

b = width of the beam
D = Overall depth of beam
C = total compressive force of concrete (?)
d = effective depth of the beam (measured to the
centroid of tension steel from the maximum
compression face (in this case from Top)
D-d = effective cover to steel
T = total tensile force of steel = 0.87 fy Ast
Xu = depth of neutral axis from the maximum
compression face (in this case from Top) (?)
Z = Lever arm (?)
C and Z can be determined
if the
Area of Stress block in compression
and
It’s Centroid location from Top are known
These are known as Stress Block

Parameters.
Stress Block Parameters
(As Per IS 456 2000)
Area of Stress Block
= 0.36 fck Xu
Centroid distance
= 0.42 Xu
X1
x3 C1
X2
C2
Total Compression C = C1 + C2
C1 = Due to Rectangular Portion of Stress Block acting at X1
C2 = Due to Parabolic Portion of Stress Block acting at X2
X1 and X2 are respective centroidal distances
From Strain diagram
0.0035 = 0.002
Xu ( Xu-X3)
0.0035(Xu - X3) = 0.002 Xu
X3 = 0.0015 Xu / 0.0035 = 0.43 Xu
X1 = X3 / 2 = 0.215Xu
X2 = X3 + (3/8) ( Xu – X3)
= (3/8) Xu + (5/8) X3
= (3/8) Xu + (5/8) 0.43 Xu
= (5.15/8) Xu
= 0.644 Xu
C1 = 0.446 fck X3 b = 0.191fck b Xu
C2 = (2/3) {0.446fck (Xu-X3)} b

= 0.17fck b Xu
C = C1 + C2 = 0.361fck b Xu
Assume b=1 then
C = 0.361fck Xu = 0.36fck Xu
This corresponds to Area of Stress block

= 0.36 fck Xu
C X = C 1 X1 + C 2 X 2
X = {(0.191fck b Xu) (0.215Xu)

+
(0.17fck b Xu) (0.644 Xu)} / (0.361fck b Xu)
= 0.417 Xu = 0.42 Xu
Centroid of Stress Block = 0.42 Xu

Governing Equations
Area of Stres block = 0.36 fck Xu
Centroid of Stress block : X = 0.42 Xu
Total Compressive force in Concrete

C = 0.36 fck b Xu
Total Tensile force in Steel

T = 0.87 fy Ast
Lever Arm: Z = d - 0.42 Xu

Computation of the Depth of Neutral Axis Xu
Total Compression C = Total Tension T
0.36 fck b Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b
Xu / d = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d

Computation of Moment Resistance , Mu
Since Strain in Steel > (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002
The computation of Mu is to be done using the tensile

force of steel
Mu = T (lever arm) = 0.87 fy Ast (d - 0.42 Xu)
= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 0.42 Xu/d)
= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 0.42 (0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d))
= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 1.015 fy Ast/ fck b d)

= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- fy Ast / fck b d)
Case 2:
Analysis of BALANCED Rectangular Beams
Strain in Steel = (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002

0.0035
0.002 0.446 fck
C
Xu, max
Z = Lever arm
T= 0.87 fy Ast
= (0.87 fy/Es) + 0.002
Neutral Axis Corresponding to this condition is called the
limiting or maximum value , Xumax. From strain diagram
Xu max d  Xu max

0.0035 (0.87 fy / Es )  0.002
Xu max d (1  Xu max/ d )

0.0035 (0.87 fy / Es )  0.002
Xu max 0.0035(1  Xu max/ d )

d (0.87 fy / Es )  0.002
Xu max
((0.87 fy / Es )  0.002)  0.0035(1  Xu max/ d )
d
Xu max 0.0035 Xu max
((0.87 fy / Es )  0.002))   0.0035
d d
Xu max 0.0035

d (0.87 fy / Es )  0.0055
fy Xumax/d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
Limiting Moment of Resistance (Mu, lim)
This is the maximum moment that the section can

resist and is computed as
Mu lim = C x Z
= 0.36 fck b Xumax (d- 0.42 Xumax)
= 0.36 fck b d Xumax ( 1- 0.42 Xumax/d)
= 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) (1- 0.42 Xumax/d) bd2
= R,lim ( bd2)
R,lim = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) ( 1-0.42 Xumax/d) is

known as limitingResistance factor.
Limiting Area of Steel (Ast ,lim)
This is the maximum amount of area of steel that

can be provided in the section and is computed as
C= T
0.36 fck b Xumax = 0.87 fy Ast, lim
0.36 fck b (Xumax/d) = 0.87 fy Ast, lim/d
Ast,lim/bd = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) / 0.87 fy
This is usually expressed as a percentage

(Ast,lim/bd ) 100 = (0.36 fck (Xumax/d) / 0.87 fy)1 00
pt, lim = { 0.36 fck (Xumax/d ) / (0.87 fy)} 100

For M 20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel
fck= 20 Mpa, fy 415 Mpa, Xumax/d = 0.48
R = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) ( 1-0.42 Xumax/d)

R = 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 x (1 – 0.42 x0.48)
R =2.76
pt, lim = { 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) / (0.87 fy )} 100

=( 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 / (0.87 x415)) 100
= 0.96 %
Case 3:
Over Reinforced Rectangular Beams
Strain in Steel < (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002

In this case Xu > Xu, max
when concrete reaches the strain of 0.0035,

tensile strain of steel is much less than
(0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002
and any further increase of strain of steel will

mean failure of concrete, which is to be
avoided.
Therefore, such design is avoided and the
section should be redesigned.
Strain Diagram of Different Cases
0.0035
Xu
Xu, max
Xu
(0.87 fy/Es) + 0.002

Case 1: Under Reinforced Sections
Xu < Xu,max
Case 2: Balanced Sections
Xu = Xu,max
Case 3: Over Reinforced Sections
Xu > Xu,max
In this case Xu is limited to Xu,max and Mu =

Mulim
Example 1: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular sections
A rectangular beam 300 mm wide and 600 mm Depth is

reinforced with 4 - #20 on the tension side at an effective depth
of 550 mm. Concrete Grade = M20 and Steel Grade = Fe 415.
Determine the moment of Resistance of section.
Step 1: Compute Xu. Lim

For Fe 415 Grade, Xu,lim/d = 0.48
Xu,lim = 0.48 x 550 = 264 mm

Step 2 Compute Xu
Xu / d = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d
Ast = 4 x (X 20 2/4) = 1256 . 6 mm2
Xu/d = 0.87 x415 x 1256.6 / (0.36 x 20 x 300 x 550)
= 0.382
Xu = 0.382 x 550 = 210 mm < Xu,lim
Hence the section is Under Reinforced

Step 3 Compute Moment of resistance Mu
Mu = 0.87 x 415 x 1256.6 x 550 [ 1 – (1256.6 x 415/20 x300 x550)
Mu = 210099624 Nmm = 210.1 kNm
Note: Strain in Steel at Failure
0.0035 / 210 = es / (550-210)
es = 0.00567 > ( 0.87 x 415/200000 + 0.002) = 0.0038
Hence Steel Yields in Tension prior to Concrete Crushing in Compression

Example 2
If the beam in Example 1 is simply supported over a span of
8 M, then what is the maximum imposed loads (Live Load) in
service that the beam can carry ?
Let wu (kN/m) be the udl at Limit state of Collapse and ws be

the corresponding load in service , L= 8m
ws = wu / f ; f = Partial safety factor for loads = 1.5
Mu = wu x L2/8 = 8 wu = 210.1 (from example1)
8 wu = 210.1 ; wu = 26.26 kN/m ; ws = 17.5 kN/m
This load is inclusive of self weight of beam. Maximum imposed

load = ws - Self weight of beam
Self weight of beam (kN/m)
= B x D x Unit Weight of RC
= 0.3 x 0.6 x 25 = 4.5 kN/m
Maximum imposed load in service

= 17.5 – 4.5 =13 kN/m
Example 3
For the beam in Example 1, what is the value of Mu,lim and
pt,lim and Ast corresponding to balanced condition?
Xu,max /d = 0.48
Mu.lim = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) (1- 0.42 Xumax/d) bd2
= 0.36 x 20 x0.48x(1-0.42 x0.48) 300 x 5502
= 250.4 kNm
Xu,max / d = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d
0.48 =( 0.87 x 415 / 0.36 x 20) (Ast/bd)
(Ast/bd) = 0.0096 ; pt,lim = 0.96% ; Ast = 1584 mm2

Example 4: UNDER REINFORCED CASE
Solve Example 1 by Fundamental method

(Strain Compatibility Method)
Step 1: Let Xu be the depth of actual neutral axis
Total Compression (C )= Area of Stress Block x b

= 0.36 fck Xu b
= 0.36 x 20 x 300 x Xu = 2160Xu N
Total Tension (T) = 0.87fyAst

Ast = 4 x (X 20 2/4) = 1256 . 6 mm2
T = 0.87 x 415 x 1256.6 = 453695.43 N
For equilibrium, C=T
2160Xu = 453695.43 ; Xu = 210 mm
Step 2: Limiting Depth of Neutral Axis (balanced case)

Strain in steel est
0.0035
est = (0.87 x fy / Es)+0.002
= (0.87 x 415 / 200000) + 0.002
Xu,lim
= 0.003805
From Strain Diagram

550 – Xu,lim 0.0035/Xu,lim = 0.003805/(550-Xu,lim)
Xu,lim = 263.52 mm
0.003805
Step 3: Moment of Resistance Mu
Xu < Xu,lim ; Beam is under reinforced; Tension Steel Yields

prior to concrete undergoing crushing due to compression.
Centroid of Stress block = 0.42 Xu = 88.2mm
Lever arm = Z = (d – 0.42Xu) = 550 – 88.2 = 461.8 mm
Mu = T x Z
= 453695.43 x 461.8/ 106
= 209.52 kNm
Example 5: OVER REINFORCED CASE
For the data in Example 1, Compute the Moment of

Resistance if beam is reinforced with Ast = 1700 mm2
on the tension side by Fundamental method
(Strain Compatibility Method)
Step 1: Let Xu be the depth of actual neutral axis
Total Compression (C )= Area of Stress Block x b

= 0.36 fck Xu b
= 0.36 x 20 x 300 x Xu
= 2160Xu N
Total Tension (T) = 0.87fyAst
Ast = 1700 mm2
T = 0.87 x 415 x 1700 = 613785 N
For equilibrium C=T
2160Xu = 613785
Xu = 284.16 mm
Step 2: Limiting Depth of Neutral Axis (balanced case)
0.0035
Strain in steel est
Xu,lim
est = (0.87 x fy / Es)+0.002
= (0.87 x 415 / 200000) + 0.002
= 0.003805
550 – Xu,lim
From Strain Diagram
0.0035/Xu,lim = 0.003805/(550-Xu,lim)
0.003805
Xu,lim = 263.52 mm
Step 3: Moment of Resistance Mu
Xu > Xu,lim ; Beam is Over reinforced; Concrete undergoes

crushing due to compression prior to yielding of steel.
As this has to be avoided, Xu = Xu,lim = 263.52 mm
Centroid of Stress block = 0.42 Xu = 110.68 mm
Lever arm = Z = (d – 0.42Xu) = 550 – 110.68 = 439.3 mm
C = 0.36 fck b Xu = 0.36 x20 x300 x263.52 = 569203.2 N
Mu = C x Z
= 569203.2 x 439.3/ 106
= 250.05 kNm

3.lecture 3 Flexure Singly Reinforced Beams

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3.lecture 3 Flexure Singly Reinforced Beams

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Behaviour of RC Beams

Reinforced concrete beams carry loads primarily by

They are, therefore, designed on the basis of limit

The beams are also to be checked for other limit

It is very clear that the specified limiting strain of

3. The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is

First, dividing by 1.5 due to size effect and

The middle and bottom curves represent these

Thus, the maximum compressive stress in bending

Concrete Section is assumed to be cracked in

5. The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived

fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002,

where fy is the characteristic strength of steel and

This assumption ensures ductile failure in which the

fy / (1.15 Es) + 0.002

2.Singly or doubly reinforced T-beams

3.Singly or doubly reinforced L-beams

Reinforcement is Provided Only on tension face

Strain in Steel > (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002

0.002 0.446 fck

Ast = area of tension steel

These are known as Stress Block

0.0035(Xu - X3) = 0.002 Xu

X3 = 0.0015 Xu / 0.0035 = 0.43 Xu

C1 = 0.446 fck X3 b = 0.191fck b Xu

C2 = (2/3) {0.446fck (Xu-X3)} b

This corresponds to Area of Stress block

X = {(0.191fck b Xu) (0.215Xu)

Centroid of Stress Block = 0.42 Xu

Area of Stres block = 0.36 fck Xu

Centroid of Stress block : X = 0.42 Xu

Total Compressive force in Concrete

Total Tensile force in Steel

Lever Arm: Z = d - 0.42 Xu

Total Compression C = Total Tension T

0.36 fck b Xu = 0.87 fy Ast

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b

Xu / d = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d

The computation of Mu is to be done using the tensile

Mu = T (lever arm) = 0.87 fy Ast (d - 0.42 Xu)

= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 0.42 Xu/d)

= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 0.42 (0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b d))

= 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 – 1.015 fy Ast/ fck b d)

Analysis of BALANCED Rectangular Beams

Strain in Steel = (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002

0.002 0.446 fck

This is the maximum moment that the section can

R,lim = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) ( 1-0.42 Xumax/d) is

This is the maximum amount of area of steel that

0.36 fck b (Xumax/d) = 0.87 fy Ast, lim/d

Ast,lim/bd = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) / 0.87 fy

This is usually expressed as a percentage

pt, lim = { 0.36 fck (Xumax/d ) / (0.87 fy)} 100

fck= 20 Mpa, fy 415 Mpa, Xumax/d = 0.48

R = 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) ( 1-0.42 Xumax/d)

pt, lim = { 0.36 fck (Xumax/d) / (0.87 fy )} 100

Over Reinforced Rectangular Beams

Strain in Steel < (0.87 fy / Es) + 0.002