Transmission Induction / Basic Training For O&M and NAP Transmission Teams

Transmission Induction / Basic
Training for O&M and NAP

transmission Teams
 July 27, 2015

About the Document
Date
Version Author Purpose
(DD/MM/YYYY)
NNOC - TMC
20/08/2015 V1
Transmission Section
Induction / Basic Training
Outline
Workin • WDM Overview
g
• Difference between DWDM and SDH
• Relationship between DWDM and Other
Services
principl • Structure of Optical Fiber
• Transport characteristics of optical fibers
e of • Optical source
• Optical Multiplexer And De-multiplexer
WDM
• Optical Amplifiers
Outline
• Application of The System

Signal Flow • DWDM System Signal
and Fiber
Flow
Connection • DWDM System Fiber
s Connection
Outline
• System Overview
Hardwar • Hardware Structure
e • System Function
System • Boards Function
Outline
• OP Board Introduction
DWDM • OP Multiplex Section 1+1
Optical Protection and configuration
• OP Path 1+1 Protection and
protectio configuration
• OP Tributary 1+1 Protection
n layer configuration
Outline
• EMS Function Introduction

• Common Menu of EMS
Management • Alarm management
System • Performance management
Introduction(EM • System management
S) • Report Management
• Security Management
• Backup and Restore Management
Outline
• SDH Basic Concepts

SDH • SDH Frame Structure
• SDH Multiplexing Structure and
Principl Procedure
• Functions of Overhead Bytes
e • Common NE Types
• Basic Topology and Complex Network
Outline
• ZTE SDH Products Family

SDH • System Features
• System Structure
Equipme • Equipment Components
nt •
•
Cabinet Sub rack
SDH Board
Hardware •
•
NE Configuration
Network configuration
Outline
Protectio • Path Protection key point

n Topic • MSP Protection key point
• APS Protocol
Outline
• Maintenance Overview
System
Maintenanc • Maintenance Methods
e and Regulation
• Maintenance Operation
Outline
• The CWDM basic theory

CWDM • The CWDM system
Principl wavelength scheme
• The basic CWDM
e system components
Outline
• System Structure
Equipment • Function and principle of different boards
Application •
•
Fiber connections of the equipment
Alarm and performance operations
s and • Performance and their parameters
Operations • CWDM equipment alarm and alarm
classification
Outline
CWDM • OP Multiplex Section 1+1

Protection and configuration
Optical • OP Path 1+1 Protection and
protectio configuration
n layer • Hands on practice
Outline
• The Methods and Tools of

Routine Maintenance
Maintenanc • Routine Maintenance
e Regulation
• Routine Maintenance
Operation
Outline
• Microwave Definition
Microwave • Microwave Principle
Transmissio
n Theory • Microwave
Transmission Features
Outline
Optix RTN • Function/Feature/Specification

905/950/98 • Work Principle
0 Product • Internal Signaling Flow
Introduction
Outline
• Introduction to U2000
• Alarm Management
EMS and Performance
Management
Outline
Service • Radio Link Configuration

configuratio • TDM and IP Service
n Configuration
maintenanc • Routine Maintenance
e • Troubleshooting
Outline
• DWDM Theory Exam

Exa • CWDM Theory Exam
m • SDH Theory Exam
• RTN Theory Exam
Transmission Equipment DWDM
DWDM Background
 The capacity expansion over TDM is more and more close to
the limitation the technology can afford;
 The high chromatic dispersion of laid G.652 optical fiber
restricts the transmission of systems over 10Gbit/s;
 The fast development of optical devices, esp. the large scale
commercialization of EDFA, brought quick use of DWDM;
 From both technical and economic aspects, DWDM is the
most cost-effective capacity expansion technology at
present.
22
Background
WDM
TDM
SDM
What is DWDM?
 DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing
 The wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM) multiplexes several or dozens of
optical signals with different wavelength
and transmits them in a same fiber. Each
optical path carries an SDH or other
signal.
24
What is DWDM?
Gas Station
High Way
Prowl Car
1.DWDM definition
l1 l2 lN
l1 l1
l2 l2
lN lN
OA
OMU ODU
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-

optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to
transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character.
DWDM Structure
Optical Transmitter Optical Trunk Amplification Optical Receiver
Optical Demultiplexer
Optical Multiplexer
Channel 1 Optical λ1 λ1 Channel 1
Repeater 1 Receiving
1
Input ┇ BA LA PA ┇ Output
Channel N λn λs λs λs λs λn Channel N
Optical Receiving
Repeater n n
Optical
Monitoring
Optical Monitoring Channel Optical Monitoring
Channel R/T Channel Receiver
Transmitter
Network
Management
System
27
DWDM Principle
f1 Rm1
TX1 SD1 R1 RX1
S1
MPI-S MPI-R
f2 Rm2 OM OD
OA SD2 R2
TX2 S2 / / RX2
R S
OA OA
Rm
fn
n SDn Rn
TXn RXn
Sn
OSC
R1 SD1 f1
RX1 TX1
S1
R2 SD2 OD OM f2
RX2 S R TX2
/ OA / S2
OA OA
MPI-R MPI-S
Rn SDn fn
RXn TXn
Sn
28
DWDM Characteristics
 Super-large capacity transmission
 Saving the fiber resources
 Transparent transmission of each path and
smooth scaling and expansion
 Super-long distance transmission based
on EDFA technology
 No special requirement on fiber chromatic
dispersion
 Basis of future optical network
29
DWDM’s Position in Network
 Everything over DWDM
IP
IP
SDH
SDH ATM
ATM IP
IP Other
Other
ATM
ATM ss
Open
OpenOptical
Optical Interface
Interface
SDH
SDH
DWDM
DWDM
Optical
OpticalFiber
FiberPhysical
PhysicalLayer
Layer
30
DWDM Evolution
4. Optical
OTM OTM network
1. DWDM P2P
with OXC
Transmission
System
OTM OADM.
OTM
2. Fixed Wavelength
OADM for wavelength
adding/dropping
3. Variable
Wavelength
OADM. OADM for
ring network
31
DWDM Network Elements
OTM OADM
2
1
OLA
3 4
32
2.Basic Theory
power （ dB
m) wavelength interval ： 0.8 ～ 2nm
1530 - 1560nm wavelength λ

3.System working wavelength
No. Central frequency Wavelength (nm)
(THz)
1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79
3 192.3 1558.98
4 192.4 1558.17
5 192.5 1557.36
6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75
8 192.8 1554.94
9 192.9 1554.13
10 193.0 1553.33
11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72
Central frequency
No. Wavelength (nm)
(THz)
13 193.3 1550.92
14 193.4 1550.12
15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51
17 193.7 1547.72
18 193.8 1546.92
19 193.9 1546.12
20 194.0 1545.32
21 194.1 1544.53
22 194.2 1543.73
23 194.3 1542.94
24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35
26 194.6 1540.56
27 194.7 1539.77
28 194.8 1538.98
29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40
31 195.1 1536.61
32 195.2 1535.82
33 195.3 1535.04
34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47
36 195.6 1532.68
37 195.7 1531.90
38 195.8 1531.12
39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55
DWDM Operating Wavelength
 WDM Operating wavelength:
C waveband & L waveband
 C waveband coverage: 1528-1561nm
 L waveband coverage: 1577-1603nm
 As G.692 required, the channel distance is an
integral multiple of 100GHZ (about 0.8nm).
36
Channel Distance
 Rated frequency difference between two
adjacent multiplexer channels
 As G.692 required, the channel distance is
an integral multiple of 100GHZ.
37
Rated Axis Frequency
 Rated Axis Frequency is the central wavelength
(frequency) of each multiplexer channel in a
WDM system.
S.N. Operating Frequency
(THz)
Operating Wavelength
(nm)
38
Axis Frequency Deviation
 Deviation between the actual axis

operating frequency and the rated axis
frequency of a multiplexer channel
 The maximum axis frequency deviation of
a 16-wave WDM system is about ＋
20GHz.
39
DWDM Key Technologies
 Light source
 Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
 Optical amplification
 Optical add/drop multiplexing
 Optical path monitoring
40
Light Source Technology
 Standard & stable wavelength
 Channel frequency of a WDM system permitted by G.692 is
192.1THz-based, with a minimum distance of 100G
frequency interval series. For SDH light source, G.957 is
abided by.
 Meeting requirements of long distance transmission
 Electric regeneration distance of a WDM system is up to
640km, and that of an SDH system is only 50-60km. It is
required that chromatic dispersion tolerance of light
source in a WDM system is much bigger than that in an
SDH system.
41
Light Source Technology
 Wavelength stability
 Working temperature & bias current control
 Wavelength feedback control
 External modulation
 Electro absorption modulator light source
 M-Z modulator light source
42
Light Source Technology – Wavelength
Converter
 The nonrated wavelength of optical path is

converted to the rated wavelength complying
with G.692; and then is accessed to WDM;
which makes WDM an open system.
 With 3R functions (retiming, reshaping & data
regenerating)
 Wavelength conversion implementation
O/E Shaping, Timing & E/O

Regenerating Optical
Optical Signal
Signal out
in 43
G.692
G.957
Wavelength Converter - Categories
 Based on its position in a WDM system:

 Transmitting end wavelength converter
 Regeneration wavelength converter
 Receiving end wavelength converter
R1 .G.957
G.957 S1
WD Multiplexer
WD Demultiplexer
WD Demultiplexer
OTU OTU
WD Multiplexer
OTU
OTU R2
S2 OA OA OA OA
OTU R3
S3 G.692
Sn OTU Rn
44
Light Source Technology – WDM
System
 Integrated WDM System

 Open WDM System
45
Integrated WDM System
1 1
STM-16
ADM1
2 2
3 3
STM-16
ADM2
4 4
OBA O O OPA
M D
 
U 12 U
12
13 STM-16 13

ADM7
14 14
15 STM-16 15

ADM8 16
16
46
Open WDM System
• Combining SDH systems from different vendors
into a single WDM system
1 1
STM-16
OTU1 OTU1
2 ADM1
2
OTU2 OTU2
3 3
STM-16
OTU3 OTU3
ADM2
4 4
OBA O OTU4 OTU4 O
OPA
M  D
U 28  U
28
OTU28 OTU28
29 29
STM-16
OTU29 OTU29
30 ADM7
30
OTU30 OTU30
31 31
STM-16
OTU31 OTU31
32 ADM8
32
OTU32 OTU32
47
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Devices
 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices include Optical
Multiplexer Unit (OMU) & Optical Demultiplexer Unit (ODU).
 OMU: compounding optical signals with rated wavelength from
different channels into a single light wave and sending it to the fiber
for transmission, so as to carrying out multiplexing of optical waves;
 ODU: decompounding optical waves from the fiber into optical path
signals with the former rated wavelength and inputting them into
different optical path receivers, thus carrying out demultiplexing of
optical waves.
 OMU and ODU are all passive devices.
48
WDM Device - Categories
OM/OD type
 Thin-Film type
 Arrayed Waveguide type
 Fused type
 Fiber Bragg Grating type
49
Grating WDM Device
 Grating WDM device is a kind of angular dispersion
device. It compounds and decompound optical signals
with different wavelengths utilizing their feature that they
have different reflection angles in the device.
 Excellent wavelength selection, with the wavelength
distance down to 0.5nm around
 The device is required to be made with craft and high
cost and it is usually used in a lab.
1,2,3,...n




n 50
Coupling WDM Device
 Different wavelengths are compounded by fusing together
multiple fibers and coupling multiple input wavelengths.
Decompounding cannot be carried out by the device.
 Strong points
 Excellent temperature characteristics
 Preferable optical path bandwidth
 Weak points
1
 High insertion
2
3
loss
 Big size5 with less multiplexing wavelengths
4
6
IN
13
14 51
Thin Film De-multiplexer
 Thin Film De-multiplexer combines dozens of layers of
thin films to compose a interference filter with specific
wavelength and selection feature and to realize de-
compounding of different wavelengths.
 Strong points:
Admit Light （ 1, 2...
 Low insertion loss n ）
 Preferable channel distance
1
2
3
n-1
n
Multi-Layer Film
52
Arrayed Waveguide Multiplexer
 Arrayed waveguide WDM device is a kind of planar
waveguide device based on optical integration technology.
 The device can be produced compositively and will play great
role in future access network. Other than WDM device, it can
also be used as a matrix for add/drop of optical path. It is a
favorable solution for optical exchange in the future optical
transmission network.
53
WDM Device - Parameters
 Multiplexing Channel: It stands for the amount of
optical paths the WDM device can
multiplex/demultiplex. It is closely related to the
resolution and isolation of the device.
 Insertion Loss IL: the attenuation to optical
signal of the WDM device
 Channel Isolation: It stands for the isolation
distance between optical paths in the device.
54
WDM Device - Parameters
 Central Wavelength: The wavelength added/dropped for the
device cannot be of too big deviation with that regulated by
ITU-T; otherwise it will cause system breakdown.
 Reflectance R: the ratio between the reflecting optical power
and incidence optical power at the input end of the device
 Bandwidth: a parameter only valid for ODU. -20dB describes
the stopband characteristics of an ODU and -0.5dB describes
the passband characteristics of an ODU.
55
OMU Engineering Parameters
Indices 32 Channels 40 Channels

Wavelength Wavelength Wavelength
Item Unit 8 Channels 16 Channels Sensitive Insensitive Sensitive
Insertion Loss dB <11 <14 <10 <17 1529～1561
Reflectance dB >40 >40 >40 >40 <0.5
Operating Wavelength nm 1548～1561 1548～1561 1535～1561 1535～1561 >22
Polarization Dependent Loss dB <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 >25
Isolation between Adjacent Channels dB >22 <3
Isolation between Nonadjacent Channels dB >25
M ax. Diff. between Channel ILs dB <3 <3 <3 <3
56
ODU Engineering Parameters
Item Unit 8 Channels 16 Channels 32 Channels 40 Channels

Channel Distance GHz 200 100 100 100
Insertion Loss dB <6 <6 <10 <10
Reflectance dB >40 >40 >40 >40
Isolation between Adjacent Channels dB >25 >25 >25 >25
Isolation between Nonadjacent Channels dB >25 >25 >25 >25
Polarization Dependent Loss dB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
-1dB Bandwidth nm >0.5 >0.2 >0.2 >0.2
57
Optical Amplification Technology
 The emerging of optical amplifier broke through
the biggest barrier in high-speed long-distance
transmission – optical power limitation,
witnessing a milestone in optical transmission
history.
 Optical amplifier is a kind of positive device
amplifying optical signals directly without optical-
electrical-optical conversion.
58
Optical Amplifier - Categories
 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA
 Rubidium-Doped Fiber Amplifier PDFA
 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier SOA
59
 Gain Lock Type
 Gains for each wavelength are all the same.
The output optical power of amplifier depends
on the input optical power.
 Power Lock Type
 When the power is over a fixed value, the
output power is a constant. It is more often
used in a single wavelength system.
60
λ1 λ1
O
O λ2
λ2 M
•
D •
U
• Optical
U •
• Optical Optical Optical
Pre-
•
Power Line Line
Amplifying λn
λn Amplifying Amplifying Amplifying
Power For
For trunk
trunk equipment
equipment toto
Power expansion
expansion after
after compensate line For
For receiver
receiver toto increase
increase
multiplexing of signals; compensate line the sensitivity;
multiplexing of signals; transmission loss; small
transmission loss; small the sensitivity; small
small
low
low requirements
requirements on noise noise coefficient required;
on noise coefficient
coefficient and
and big
big noise coefficient required;
and no special
noise coefficient
noise coefficient andand output
output optical
optical power
power and no special
gain; required. requirement on output
gain; big
big output
output power
power required. requirement on output
power.
required.
required. power.
61
EDFA - Structure
 EDFA consists of Erbium-doped fiber, pump
source, coupler and optical isolator.
Optical Isolator Optical Isolator
Coupler
Erbium-
Input Signal Doped Output Signal
Featuring permission of Fiber
only positive direction
light to ensure no leakage Combining pump Signal light and pump light are
of pump light and reflex light and signal light transmitted in a same Erbium-
from OMU in EDFA 980nm and inputting it to doped fiber. The Erbium ions in
Pump Erbium-doped fiber the fiber absorb energy of pump
Laser
light and transit it to a higher
Pumping Erbium ions energy level. The energy can be
from E1 energy level to E3 transferred to signal light via
energy level to form the stimulated emission between
distribution of population levels. The signal light is
inversion for stimulated amplified constantly along the
radiation fiber and the pump signal is
attenuated constantly along the
fiber.
62
EDFA – Technical Parameters
 Gain G: ratio between output optical power and input optical
power
 Bandwidth: also known as Operating Wavelength Coverage,
is the optical wavelength range can be flatly amplified by
EDFA.
 Gain Flatness: denoted by the maximum gain difference in the
amplified bandwidth; wavelengths entered into OA are
required to be with the same optical power.
 Input/Output Power: Output power of the single multiplexing
channel shall be controlled.
 Noise Coefficient: ratio between signal noise ratios of input
terminal and output terminal.
63
EDFA - Limitation
 Nonlinear problem: Nonlinear effect occurred when the optical power
is up to a certain degree will limit amplification performance and
transmission distance.
 Optical surge problem: peak appeared at output optical power when
saltus takes place at input signal energy
 Chromatic dispersion problem: The amplifier can only compensate
power problem caused by attenuation. The total dispersion increased
along with the increased transmission distance becomes the main
limitation factor of the system.
 Bandwidth problem: optical wavelength coverage that can be flatly
amplified by EDFA. EDFA is required to be with the same gain for
each multiplexing channel in a WDM system.
64
Optical Surge
 When the transmission link of a WDM system is cut off suddenly,
and if the pump source of optical amplifier is not closed and keeps
pumping to Erbium-doped fiber, the Erbium ions in stable state will
gather more and more; if a high power optical signal is input then,
stimulated radiation will take place on all ions in stable state, which
will result in “peak” output optical power on the amplifier and
“burnout” of optical connector and receiver. It brings nonrecoverable
damage to the system.
R0 T1 A R2 T3
LA LA LA LA
West East
Multiplexer Multiplexer
T0 R1 T2 R3
LA LA LA LA
OTS
OMS 65
Add/Drop Multiplexing Technology
 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM): Taking

light-wave signals as operation object and
imposing add/drop multiplexing technology, it
adds/drops wavelength channels in optical
domains.
66
Optical Monitoring Technology
 Optical monitoring technology is used in a WDM
system to transfer network element
management and monitoring information on a
new wavelength, including EDFA monitoring
information, so as to ensure effective
management over the WDM system by the
network operator.
67
Optical Monitoring Technology
 Requirements on monitoring channel:

 No limit on pump wavelength used by EDFA
 No limit on distance between two line amplifiers
 No limit on services on future 1310nm wavelength
 Sectional bidirectional transmission for monitoring channel
 Available at breakdown of line amplifier
 Implementation of monitoring channel:
 Operating wavelength: 1510nm
 Transmission rate: 2.048Mb/s of signal rate, with a frame
format complying with G.704
68
Monitoring Channel Interface -
Parameters
M onitoring Wavelength 1510nm
M onitoring Rate 2.048M b/s
Signal Code Pattern CM I
Signal Transmitting Power (0- -7dBm)
Light Source Type SLM (M LM )
Spectrum Feature -
M in. Receiving Sensitivity -48dBm
Overload Optical Power 0 dBm
69
Optical Interface - Categories
 Section
 Optical fiber and connections between two adjacent optical
line amplifiers
Section Type L V U
Section Target Distance (km) 80 120 160
Section Loss (dB) 22 33 44
70
 System Categories & Application Code
 G.692 prescribes the application code for WDM system is nWX-Y.Z.
 N: multiplexing optical path number
 W: section type L, V or U
 X: domain number between OMU & ODU in the WDM system
 Y: STM register of multiplexing optical path signal
 Z: fiber type used
Z = 2, 3, or 5
 Z = 2 G.652 fiber
 Z = 3 G.653 fiber
 Z = 5 G.655 fiber
71
 Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier
Section Type L (80km/22dB) V (120km/33dB)
Section Number 5 8 3 5
4 Wavelength 4L5-Y.Z 4L8-Y.Z 4V3-Y.Z 4V5-Y.Z
8 Wavelength 8L5-Y.Z 8L8-Y.Z 8V3-Y.Z 8V5-Y.Z*
16 Wavelength 16L5-Y.Z 16L8-Y.Z 16V3-Y.Z 16V5-Y.Z*
Section Target Distance (km) 400km 640km 360km 600km
• Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier

used in China
Section Type L (80km/22dB) V (100km/30dB) V (120km/33dB)
Section Number 8 5 3
8 Wavelength 8L8-16.2 8V5-16.2 8V3-16.2
16 Wavelength 16L8-16.2 16V5-16.2 16V3-16.2
Section Target Distance (km) 640km 500km 360km

72
Protection of WDM System
 Point-to-Point Line Protection
 1+1 or 1:N protection on SDH layer based on a
single wavelength
 Optical multiplexing section protection OMSP
 Ring Network Protection

 Ring of point-to-point WDM systems
 Ring of OADM equipment
73
1+1 Protection on Multiplexing Layer
(linear)
O Rx1w
Tx1w O
Txlp M OLA D Rxlp
U U
WDM Working
Tx2w System
Rx2w
Tx2p Rx2p
O .
. O OLA D
. M .
U
U Rxnw
Txnw WDM Protection
System Rxnp
Txnp
1+1 protection on multiplexing

layer based on a single
wavelength
74
1:N Protection on Multiplexing Layer
Tx11 Rx11
Tx12 OMU OLA ODU Rx12
。。
Tx1m Rx1m
WDM Working System 1
Tx21 Rx21
Tx22 OMU OLA ODU Rx22
。。
Tx2m Rx2m
。。
WDM Working System 2
。。
Txn1 Rxn1
Txn2 OMU OLA ODU Rn12
。。
Txnm Rxnm
WDM Working System n
Txp1 Rxp1
Txp2 OMU OLA ODU Rxp2
。。
Txpm Rxpm
WDM Protection System 1
1:N protection on Multiplexing

layer based on a single
wavelength
75
1:N Protection on Multiplexing Layer
WDM
Working
System
Working System Working System
Tx1 Rx1
Working Working Rx2
Tx2
System O OM System
O L 。
。
Working M U Working 。
。
System A System
Txn Rxn
U
Txp1 Rxp1
Protection Protection
System System
1:N protection within a WDM

system on SDH layer based on a
single wavelength
76
Optical Multiplexing Section Protection OMSP
O O
L L
A A
O WDM Working
O O
D System Optical
T T
U Switch
M M
O O
L L
A A
WDM Protection
System
77
Protection Based on a Single
Wavelength
WDM
WDM
WDM
WDM
Ring of point-to-point WDM

systems
78
Protection of OADM

λ1 λ1

OADM
Site A

λ2
λ4
Site B OADM
OADM Site D
λ2
λ4

Site C

OADM

λ3 λ3

79
DWDM Signal Flow
Terminal Line Amplifier OADM Terminal
OTU S1 l1
1 SD1 R1
OTU S2
l2 EDFA Power EDFA Line
OD ODU SD1
2 Amplifier Amplifier OM R2
OMU R' ODU OMU R' U U
O
BA LA OADM PA O
M MPI-S MPI-S
Sn-1 ln-1 D
OTU U
EDFA U
n-1
O O Preamplifier
ln R R
SDn-1
OTU Sn Rn-1
n Optical
Optical
OSC RX/TX
Monitoring SDn
Monitoring Rn
Optical Channel
R Channel Optical
OSC RX/TX
Monitoring G.652 OSC RX/TX G.652 OSC RX/TX Monitoring
Channel Fiber R
Fiber Channel
R1 SD1
l1 S1 OTU
SD1 1
R2
l2 S2 OTU
EDFA EDFA Line
O Preamplifier O 2
Amplifier OD O
D M U
PA U M
U LA OADM BA
MPI-R S' MPI-R S' OMU U ln-1 Sn-1 OTU
SDn-1 OMU ODU
Rn-1 ODU EDFA Power n-1
SDn O O Amplifier ln Sn OTU
Rn R R
n
OR: Optical Repeater
80
System Structure and
hardware
1. CARBINET
300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x 2600mm （ H ）

300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x 2200mm （ H ）
300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x 2000mm （ H ）
Power alarm sub-rack
OUT sub-rack
Fan p lug-in box

OA sub-rack
Power alarm sub-rack
Public interface area
Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box Fan plug-in box
1. CARBINET
Dustproof net
OUT sub-rack 1
Board plug-in area
光纤走线区
Fiber wiring area
Dustproof net
风扇插箱
OUT sub-rack
Board防尘网
plug-in area
ODF
光纤走线区
Fiber wiring area
Dustproof net
OA子架 OUT sub-rack 2

Board plug-in area
色散补偿插箱
光纤走线区
Fiber wiring area
ODF plug-in box

(or DCM plug-in box)
DCM plug-in box
DCM plug-in box
2.SUB-RACK
OTU
Common interface area

Fan box
O O O O O O O O O O
T T T T T T T T T T OMU32
U U U U U U U U U U
Fiber connection area

-48V power
Subrack ID selection switch Power alarm
Subrack Power Box Board

Local data interface
System test interface
2.SUB-RACK
OA
-48V power
Power alarm
Orderwire Qx
Subrack Power Box Board
Alarm output Extension data interface

RS232 RS422
Subrack ID selection switch
System test interface
External Timing Referance Local data interface
Sub rack ID selection switch Definition
Sub rack ID selection switch, a 8-bit DIP switch. When the NE is in

multiple-rack/sub rack configuration, this switch is used to define the
rack and the sub rack serial number of the sub rack.
Cabinet No. Subrack No.

3， 2， 1， 2， 1， 0
0
There are 16 rack numbers. At present, one NCP can manage 4
racks. Rack No.
There are 8 sub-rack numbers. At present, one rack can have up to
4 sub-racks configured inside.
Card introduction
Principle diagram of the ZXMP-M900
DWDM optical transmission system
MOTM MOLA MOADM
OTU S1 RM1
1 l1 O O O O
T T T T
S2 RM2 EDFA line amplifier U U U U
OTU EDFA power amplifier
2 l2 S'
M ultiplexer
Demultip Multiplexer MPI-R

Multiplexer R' lexer S'
OBA OLA OPA OBA
MPI-S
OTU Sn-1 RMn-1
n-1 ln-1 Optical
RMn multiplexer/ O
Optical monitoring channel
OTU Sn demultiplexerA
n ln Optical D
M
monitoring
O
channel O
S
P
C OSCL OSCL OSCL C OSCL
T S
OTU R1 SD1
1
OTU R2 SD2
EDFA
2 EDFA
Demultiplexer
preamplifier
line amplifier
OPA R'
OLA OBA OPA
MPI-R S' demultiplexer MPI-S MPI-R
Multiplexer
demultiplexer
Rn-1 S
OTU Dn-1
n-1
OTU Rn SDn O O O O
n T T T T
U U U U
Introduction to boards
•Optical transponder unit (OTU)

•Optical multiplex unit (OMU)
•Optical demultiplexer unit (ODU)
•Optical amplifier (OA)
•Optical add/drop multiplex board (OAD)
•Optical protection board (OP)
•Optical supervision channel board (OSC)
Introduction to boards
•optical performance monitoring board (OPM)
•Overhead processor (OHP)
• Net control processor (NCP)
•Supervision add/drop multiplexer (SDM)
•Fan control board (FCB)
• Power board (PWB)
•Power supervision board (PWSB)
Optical transponder unit (OTU)
Specific-wavelength G.692
Optical receiving
Optical transmitting
(O/E) (E/O)
B1/J0 check
Check control circuit

Transform the electrical signals via the OTU
transmitting module into the required optical signals
meeting the G.692 requirements.
Employ the optical/electrical/optical conversion mode
to realize wavelength conversion.
It reports the related supervision information of the
transmitting and receiving modules, and B1 and J0 bytes
of the SDH signals to the NMS, which will control the
OTU output wavelength, power and J0 byte.
Panel of OTU
NOM (green)
ALM (red)
SC/PC
OTU10G
Specific-wavelength G.692
Optical receiving
Optical transmitting
(O/E) (E/O)
B1/J0 check

Panel of OTU10G
Green working indicator

绿色工作指示灯 NOM (green)
Red alarm indicator
红色告警指示灯 ALM (red)
Laser
激光告警标识alarm ID
Optical
光输入接口 input interface
Optical
光输出接口 output interface
Optical transponder unit with continuous
rate (OTUC)
The OTUC board has the same major functions as other OTU
boards, mainly adopting optical/electrical/optical conversion mode
to convert the signals of the G.957-compliant equipment from any
vendor to G.692-compliant optical signals.
Meanwhile, it will report the relevant monitoring information
regarding the receiving and transmitting modules to the NMS.
Gigabit Ethernet convergence board (GEM2)
The GEM2 board converges the IEEE802.3Z-complaint GE signals

from the SDH equipment into G.692-complaint optical signals with
specific wavelength through optical/electrical/optical conversion. At
the same time, it performs de-convergence in
the reverse direction.
Panel of GEM2

绿色工作指示灯
红色告警指示灯
Red alarm indicator
Line input optical interface

群路输入光接口 NOM: Normal working indicator
(green)
群路输出光接口
Line output optical interface
ALM: Alarm indicator (red)
T ributary input/output
支路输入/输出光接口
optical interface
Tributary indicator
支路指示灯 Tributary indicators (green)
Optical multiplex unit (OMU)
1
Optical channel input 1
2 M ultiplex optical
M ultiplexer
Optical channel input 2
output interface
·
·
·
 40 Online monitoring
Optical channel input 40 Optical power interface
monitoring
Check and control circuit

 Combine optical signals with different wavelengths to
one fiber:
 Monitor the total output optical power and report it to the
NMS.
 Such multiplexers as 8-waves, 16-waves, 32-waves and
40-waves multiplexers are provided.
 Moreover, the upgrade interface and smooth upgrade
are provided.
Panel of OMU32

• NOM: Normal working
Red alarm indicator indicator (green)
Optical input interface
光输入接口 • ALM: Alarm indicator
(red)
• CHn
Optical
Local
本地光监测口 optical monitoring • MON : monitor
interface
Optical de-multiplex unit (ODU)
1
1:40 Optical channel output 1
Multiplex optical 2
Demultiplexer
Optical channel output 2
input
·
·
·
 40
Optical channel output 40
Optical power
monitoring Online monitoring interface
Check and control circuit

 The ODU board mainly provides the demultiplex
function, i.e. optical signals of different channels in a
fiber are separated from each other through the
demultiplexer and then sent to different optical receivers.
 Such demultiplexers as the 8-wave, 16-wave, 32-wave
and 40-wave demultiplexers are provided.
 Moreover, the upgrade interface and smooth upgrade
are provided.
Panel of ODU32

Red alarm indicator
NOM: Normal working indicator
Optical
光输入接口 input interface
(green)
CHn
Optical
Local optical monitoring MON : monitor
本地光监测口
interface
Optical amplifier (OA)
The OA board is equipped with the erbium-
doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) which is mainly
used to amplify optical signals. It replaces the
original electrical relay mode (via the optical-
electric-optical conversion process) so as to save
system costs and reduce the system complexity.
According to the differences of their functions and
positions in the system, OA boards are of three
types, OBA, OLA, and OPA.
OLA
Line input 1510/1550 1550 EDFA 1550 1/99 1510/1550 Line output
demultiplexer gain lock coupler multiplexer
1510 1510
Local monitoring interface
The OA board features such functions as gain adjustment,
gain locking, and power suppression and control, etc.,
thus to realize power adjustment and channel balancing.
automatic power shutdown (APSD) or
automatic power reduction (APR) and the restart function.
1510/1550 OMU and ODU are also installed in the OA
board
OMU for OBA
ODU for OPA
thus to realize the A/D of optical signals of the
supervision channel wavelength (1510nm). The OA
board does not process 1510nm supervision signals.
Panel of OBA
Green (normal working indicator)
NOM: Normal working
Red (alarm indicator)
Line input interface indicator (green)

Line output interface
IN: 1550
Local monitoring output interface
OUT: 1550+1510
1510 input interface
MON : monitor
S_IN: 1510
** IN+S_IN=OUT **
Panel of OLA
Red (alarm indicator) NOM: Normal working
Line intput interface
indicator (green)
IN: 1550+1510
OUT: 1550+1510
1510 output interface MON : monitor
S_OUT: 1510
S_IN: 1510
Panel of OPA
NOM: Normal working
Green (normal working indicator) indicator (green)

Line input interface ALM: Alarm indicator (red)
Line output interface IN: 1550+1510

OUT: 1550
MON : monitor
1510output
input interface
S_OUT: 1510
** IN - S_OUT=OUT **
Optical performance monitoring (OPM)
Optical Detection
switch processing
Detection control, data processing

 It provides the function of monitoring the optical
performance of each optical channel. This board can
measure parameters of each optical channel, such as
the optical power, central wavelength and optical S/N
ratio and report the corresponding data to the NMS. The
precision of power measurement is 1.0dBm;
 One OPM board can check the performance of four
optical interfaces.
Panel of OPM
Green working
indicator
Red alarm indicator
Optical
光输入接口1 input
interface 1
Optical input
光输入接口2
interface 2
Optical input
光输入接口3
interface 3
Optical input
光输入接口4
interface 4
Optical add/drop multiplex board (OAD)
Check and control
Mid1 Mid2 Function check
IN OUT
DROP ADD
Panel of OAD
Normal green working indicator

绿色工作正常指示灯 • Mid1 and Mid2:
Red alarm indicator
• Pass through all the left waves .
Eight tributary signal ADD
八支路信号上路接口
interfaces • For example:
• If this is a 32waves system.Link
the mid1 and mid2.
Eight tributary signal Drop
八支路信号下路接口
interfaces • OAD8 drops No. 1 to 8 wave, So
the left waves will put out from
Through signal interface Mid 1
mid1,and send to mid2,and then all
直通信号接口Mid1
Through signal interface Mid 2
直通信号接口Mid2
Combined
合路信号输入接口 signal input interface
left waves will put out from the
Combined
合路信号输出接口 signal output interface
“out” interface.
Optical protection board (OP)
The OP board mainly provides the 1+1 protection of the optical multiplex
section or optical channel section.
It provides the protection function mainly in the “concurrent sending/optimum
receiving” mode.
Panel of OP
Input interface at transmitting terminal
Working line/channel output

interface at transmitting terminal
Protection line/channel output

interface at transmitting terminal
Output interface at receiving terminal
Working line/channel input

interface at receiving end
Protection line/channel input

interface at receiving terminal
Point to point: SDH layer protection
O O Rx1w
Tx1w
Txlp M OLA D Rxlp
U U
Tx2w work Rx2w
Tx2p Rx2p
O O
. OLA
.
M D .
.
U U
Txnw Rxnw
Protect Rxnp
Txnp
Optical Channel Section 1+1 Protection

Point to point: MS segment protection
O O
L L
A A
O work S O
D
T W
T
U I
M T
C M
h
O O
L L
A A
protect
Optical Multiplex Section 1+1 Protection

Optical supervision channel board (OSC)
1510nm
optical input Optoelectrical Code pattern
conversion conversion
Control and communication circuit Data processing
1510nm
optical output Optoelectrical Code pattern
conversion conversion
Panel of OSCL
LEFT NE (A) RIGHT NE (C)

Optical input interface 1
FORM A
Optical output interface 1
TO A
Optical input interface 2
FROM C
Optical output interface 2
TO C
Overhead processor board (OHP)
DTMF
2-wire interface
SLIC CODEC
1
Space division
switching
Signal tone
generation
Data processing
2-wire interface 2 SLIC CODEC
Traffic 4
signaling channels
generation
DTMF module
Group
addressing
call module
 Its main functions include two major modules:
 One is the processing of the orderwire overhead
message
 The other is the processing of the user channel
information
Panel of OHP

NE Control Processor (NCP)
CPU RAM Test interface External I/O
f interface Qx F interface S interface ECC interface

interface
Function of NCP
 NE MANAGERMENT
 The NCP implements the initial configurations of the NEs, receives
and analyzes EM orders, sends directions to each board via the
communication interface, and executes relevant operations. In
addition, it transfers the messages reported by each board to the
EM.
 The NCP also controls the alarm output of the equipment and
monitors the external alarm input
 ECC
 NCP extracts the ECC information from each optical interface via
the HDLC communication bus between it and the optical boards. It
analyzes the information and then forwards via other optical
interfaces, or it sends the information to EM for processing
Panel of NCP

RS232 interface
Reset button
Supervision add/drop multiplexer (SDM)
1510/1550 1510/1550 1510/1550

demultiplexer demultiplexer multiplexer
Line IN Line OUT
Line input Line output

SDMR SDMR SDMT
Optical check interface
OSC
 When not configured with OA, the SDM board provides the function
of combining the active optical signal and monitoring signal.
 According to the locations of boards, different types of boards need
to be configured. The boards corresponding to locations of OBA and
OPA are SDMT and SDMR respectively. The functions of the SDM
board
SDMT panel
NOM: Normal working
Laser alarm ID
indicator (green)
1550 input interface ALM: Alarm indicator (red)
IN: 1550
OUT: 1550+1510
MON : monitor
Local monitoring output interface S_IN: 1510
** IN+S_IN=OUT **
SDMR panel
Red (alarm indicator) NOM: Normal working
Laser alarm ID indicator (green)

Line input interface ALM: Alarm indicator (red)
1550 output interface

IN: 1550+1510
OUT: 1550
1510 output interface
MON : monitor
Local monitoring output interface S_OUT: 1510
** IN - S_OUT=OUT **
Fan control board (FCB)
 Fan control
 When the FCB cannot communicate with the NCP board ,it will
adjust the rotational speed according to temperature collected by
the out-of-box temperature sensor.
Power board (PWB)
 1. Maximum 40A current output

 2. Purifying the primary power supply ripples
 3. Lightning surge protection and anti-mistaken connection
 4. Detecting over/under-voltage output;
 5. Soft power startup;
 6. Supporting 1+1 protection function;
 7. Easy to maintain;
 8. Providing audible/visible alarms.
Panel of PWB
Green working
indicator
Power board (PWSB)
 1. Automatically detecting the over/under-voltage status of the output

voltage;
 2. Giving visible alarms automatically for the over/under-voltage status via
the indicators on the panel;
 3. Giving audible alarms automatically for the over/under-voltage status
via the buzzer;
 4. Reporting the over/under-voltage status to the NM;
 5. Processing the equipment alarm status generated by the NCP
board and generating the signals to drive the sound and light alarm;
 6. The equipment alarm status can be connected to the first
cabinet of each row in the equipment room to show the alarm status
The major specifications of the PWSB are as follows
 1. Under-voltage alarm range:  -37V or so;

 2. Over-voltage alarm range:  -63V or so;
 3. Board power consumption: <10W;
 4. Security protection current: < 3A (-48V)
Panel of PWSB
Green working indicator 1. NOM (green):

Overvoltage indicator
2. OVER_V: Over-voltage
Undervoltage indicator
indicator.
3. UNDER_V: Under-voltage
indicator
Fiber connection between boards of
terminal equipment
1
OTU1 OBA
2 O
OTU2 1510/1550nm
M


multiplexer Active line
 U
32
OTU32 OSC Standby line
OSCT OPM O
P
1 Active line
OTU1 OSC
2 O
OTU2 1510/1550nm Standby line
D demultiplexer


 U
32
OTU32 OPA
Fiber connection between boards of OLA
OLA
EAST in EAST out
OSC OSC
OPM OSC
OSC OSC
WEST out WEST in

OLA
Fiber connection between boards of add/drop multiplexer
OPA 1
2
O 
8 

OSC
A 1
OSCL OTU1
OPM
D
2
OSC OTU2



8
OBA OTU8
Network Management System
ZXSM E300
Alarm operation
menus
Alarm Setting
Alarm Setting
Alarm Mask
Caution:
Because card does not report masked alarm to the Manager, normal
monitoring of network operation status will be impaired. Therefore, it is
preferred to avoid alarm mask operation during network running or timely
cancel such operation after having achieved maintenance aim.
Current Alarms
History Alarms
Alarm Browse
To browse alarms of multiple NEs.

Card Alarm
Level and number of
unconfirmed alarms
Number of alarms with
highest alarm levels
Level and number of

unconfirmed alarms
Alarm level
Card name
ZXSM E300
Performance operation
menus
Performance Setting
Current Performance
History Performance
ZXSM E300
maintenance operation
Optical Interface - Parameters
 Optical Receiver Parameters (reference point
Rn)
 Receive sensitivity
 Overload optical power
 Receiving wavelength coverage
 Optical signal noise ratio OSNR
162
WDM Network Management System
 WDM is transparent to the borne services, so it is

compliant to services in different format.
 The network management system (NMS) of a WDM
system is only responsible for the management of
optical line system, including wavelength division
multiplexer/ demultiplexer, optical amplifier,
monitoring channel, etc.
163
NMS – Management Functions
 Fault management function
 Performance management function
 Configuration management function
 Security management function
164
Transmission Characteristics
 Transmission capacity of 20Gb/s, 40Gb/s, 80Gb/s, 320Gb/s & 400Gb/s
 Carrying of other format optical signals such as POS, GE, and ATM other
than STM-N signal
 Various system configuration meets requirements of both long haul and
short haul transmission,from several kilometers to above 1000
kilometers.
 Regulation and control of power on each point in the system via power
management technology to guarantee network performance
 Parameters of each optical path, such as optical power, central
wavelength and OSNR, can be measured and sent to the NMS for check
on NMS.
 Exact fault location and precise performance monitor.
165
menus
Set Loopback
Line loopback
Terminal loopback
Optical line or optical
Intra-equipment direction
tributary interface
Optical line board or optical tributary board
Terminal loopback
Line loopback
Electric tributary
Intra-equipment direction
interface
Electric tributary board

Set Loopback
Caution:
Loopback priority: MS>AU>TU, i.e. when the loopback of the MS

level is conducted, the AU and TU channels will also be looped
back.
The loopback will necessarily cut off the service in the loopback
channel. Therefore, it shall be used with caution and cancelled in
time after the test and diagnosis objectives are reached so as not to
affect the normal operation of the equipment.
Insert Alarm
To insert an alarm manually to
detect whether the channel is
smooth and the switching is
normal. If successful, the
corresponding channel of the
receiving end shall detect the
AIS alarm.
Insert Error Code
To forcibly insert an error code in an optical line or tributary to detect the

channel quality. If successful, the corresponding error code value will be
queried in the peer end connected.
Error Code
Insert Points of Error Code
Type
B1 error code RS
B2 error code MS
B3 error code VC3, VC4, VC4-nc, VC3-nc
V5 error code VC12, VC11

Insert Error Code
Note:
After the test and diagnosis
objectives are reached, the error
code insertion shall be cancelled in
time so as not to affect the
communication quality of the
equipment.
Reset Card
Hard reset: Reset all the chips in the card.

Soft reset: Reset the applications in the card.
Query Maintenance State
 SDH Transmission System
SDH Concept
 The full name of SDH is Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, which is

the new generation of wide band transmission hierarchy accepted
world wide. SDH defines the transmission rate, frame structure,
multiplexing mode, and optical interface specifications of digital
signal transmission.
 The multiplexing method of transmission network based on PDH
cannot satisfy the transmission requirements of great capacity.
The regional specifications of PDH make network
interconnections difficult, and restrict the transmission network
development to higher rates
 SDH transmission hierarchy has advantages that PDH
cannot compete with. It is a brand new generation of
transmission hierarchy different from PDH, with
essential revolution and innovation.
 The core concept of SDH is to construct digital
communication network from the aspect of uniform
national telecommunications network and international
interconnection
We will describe the advantages of SDH from the following
aspects
 Interfaces
 Multiplexing method
 Operation and Maintenance
 Compatibility
Limitations of PDH
1. Interface
 Electrical interfaces
 There are only regional standards, instead of
universal standards
 Optical interfaces
 No unified standards for optical line
equipments, manufacturers develop
equipment according to their own standards.
Limitations of PDH
Japanese Series North American Series European Series
1.6Gb/s 565Mb/s
×4 ×4
400Mb/s 274Mb/s 139Mb/s
×4 ×4
100Mb/s ×6 34Mb/s
×3 ×4
×3 8Mb/s
32Mb/s 45Mb/s
×5 ×7
6.3Mb/s 6.3Mb/s
×4 ×3 ×4
×4
1.5Mb/s 2Mb/s
×24 ×30
64Kb/s
Limitations of PDH
2.Multiplexing Method
 Asynchronous Multiplexing
 Code rate justification is required for
matching and accepting clock difference.
 The locations of the low-rate signals in
high-rate signals are not regular nor fixed.
Limitations of PDH
Adding and Dropping in PDH
Optical/Electrical Electrical/Optical
140/34 Mb/s 34/140Mb/s
34/8 Mb/s 8/34 Mb/s
demultipexing
multiplexing
8/2 Mb/s 2/8 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
Limitations of PDH
3.Operation and Maintenance

 PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead
bytes for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance
(OAM).
4.Network Management Interface

Ü No universal network management interface for PDH
network.
Advantages of SDH over PDH
Definition of SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy):
 SDH defines the frame structure,

multiplexing method, transmission rate,
and interface code pattern
1. Interface
 Electrical interfaces
 SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.
(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64……).
 The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1,
at a rate of 155Mb/s.
 Optical interfaces
 Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line
coding of SDH signals involves scrambling, instead of
inserting redundancy codes.
2. Multiplexing Method
 low-rate SDH signals → high-rate SDH

 Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing
method
 PDH signals → SDH

 Synchronous multiplexing method and
flexible mapping structure
3.Operation and Maintenance
 Abundant overhead bits are used for

OAM.
 Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to
monitor line performance during line
coding.
4.Compatibility
Ü SDH network and the existing PDH network can work
together.
Ü SDH network can accommodate the signals of other
hierarchies such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet.
SDH Frame Structure
 Byte-oriented block structure
 Frame transmission rate: 125µs (8000
frames/sec)
9×270×N Bytes
1
SOH
Transmission Direction
3
4 AU PTR STM-N Payload
5 (including POH)
SOH
9
9×N 261×N
270×N
SDH Frame Structure
 Payload – area for services transmission in STM-N
2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried in
the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network. If STM-N
frame is a truck, the payload area is the carriage of the
truck.
 Path Overhead (POH) – after packing low rate signals,

POH is added to monitor the transmission of every packet.
This process is like attaching a label on the packet.
SDH Frame Structure
 Section Overhead (SOH) – monitors the whole

STM-N frame, i.e. monitor performance of all packages in the carriage of the
truck.
 Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) – monitors the whole STM-
N frame.
 Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) – monitors each STM-1 of the
STM-N frame.
 RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integrated monitoring system of
SDH.
SDH Frame Structure
 AU Pointer (AU-PTR) – used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N
frame to accurately locate the payload.
 AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed into
the payload of STM-N frame. The process could be to setting a
coordinate value to identify where the package is in the carriage.
 At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N frame
according to the AU-PTR value. The process could compare to getting
the package from the carriage according to above coordinate value.
 Since packages are byte interleaved, the entire payload could be
dropped once the first package is identified through alignment.
SDH Frame Structure
 When the rate of the signal to multiplex is lower,
for low-speed signals like 2M & 34M, 2-level
pointer alignment is necessary.
 First of all, packing the low rate signals, like 2M or
34M into a packet;
 Secondly, aligning the signal in the packet by TU
Pointer (TU-PTR);
 Thirdly, multiplexing the above lower rate packet
into another higher rate packet by AU-PTR.
SDH Frame Structure
2M
AU-PTR
34M TU-PTR
2-level pointer alignment

Synchronous Multiplexing Structure
 Multiplexing structure
 Low order SDH frame → high order SDH frame: 4 in 1 byte
interleave
 PDH → STM-N: synchronous multiplexing and flexible
mapping
 140M → STM-N
 34M → STM-N
 2M → STM-N
 ITU-T G.709 defines a complete set of multiplexing
structures, in which multiplexing of PDH signal into STM-
N frame is not unique and every country or area adopts
one particular structure.
ITU-T G.709 Multiplexing Structure
xN 140Mb/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
x3
x3 TUG-3
x1
TU-3 VC-3
x7 45 Mb/s
AU-3 VC-3 C-3
x7 34 Mb/s
x1
6.3Mb/s
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2
x3
2Mb/s
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
x4
1.5Mb/s
TU-11 VC-11 C-11
Container Tributary Unit Group Mapping

Virtual Container Administrative Unit Group
Alignment
Tributary Unit Synchronous Transmission Module
Multiplexing
Administrative Unit
Multiplexing Structure in China
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
139264 kb/s
x3
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3
44736 kb/s
34268 kb/s
x7
x3
Mapping
TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Alignment
2048 kb/s
Multiplexing
Multiplexing of 140M into STM-1
11 1
Rate Add POH for P
140M adjustment/ monitoring/
packing C-4 packing O VC-4 Next page
9
H 9
1 260 1 261
125 µs 125 µs
 C-4: Container-4 is the standard information structure for 140M signal,

implementing rate adjustment.
 VC-4: Virtual container-4 is the standard information structure corresponding
to C-4, monitoring the real-time performance of the carried 140M signal.
1 270
10 270 1
RSOH 1 270×N
1 9 1
Pointer Add AU PTR
AU PTR AU-4
alignment SOH Payload
MSOH STM-N
9
125 µs 125 µs
9
 AU-4: Administrative Unit 4, the information structure corresponding to VC-
4.
 Multiplexing process: 140M → VC-4 → AU-4 → STM-1
Consequently, only one 140M signal can be multiplexed into STM-1
 C-3: Container 3 is the standard information structure for 34M signal,
implementing rate adjustment.
 VC-3: Virtual Container-3 is the standard information structure
corresponding to C-3, monitoring the real-time performance of the carried
34M signal.
1 1
Rate Add POH for P

34M adjustment/ C-3 monitoring/
O VC-3 Next page
packing packing
H
9 9
1 84 1 85
125 µs 125 µs
1 86 1 261
1 86 1 H1 ×3 1
H1 1 H2
First level H3 P
H2 Byte
pointer H3 TU-3 Fill in TUG-3 interleave
O R R VC-4
gap H
alignment R
9 9
9
 TU-3: Tributary Unit-3, the standard information structure corresponding to

VC-3, implementing the first level pointer.
 TUG-3: Tributary Unit Group-3, the standard information structure
corresponding to TU-3.
 Multiplexing process: 34M → VC-3 → TU-3 → TUG-3, 3×TUG-3 → VC-4
→ STM-1
Consequently, three 34M signals can be multiplexed into one STM-1.
125 µs
Basic frame POH

1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1
Add POH for

First level
Rate 速率 Next
2M adjustment
适配 C-12 monitoring VC-12 pointer TU-12 Page
alignment
9 9 9
 C-12: Container-12 is the standard information structure for 2M signal,
implementing rate adjustment. Four basic frames compose a multi-frame.
 VC-12: Virtual Container-12 is the standard information structure
corresponding to C-12, monitoring the real-time performance of the carried
2M signal.
 TU-12: Tributary Unit-12, the standard information structure corresponding
to VC-12, implementing the first level pointer.
1 1 1 8
x3 x1 7 x3
2 6
Byte Byte Byte

interleave TU interleave R TU interleave
R
G-2 G-3
9
 TUG-2: Tributary Unit Group-2. TUG-3: Tributary Unit Group-3.
 Multiplexing process:
2M → C-12 → VC-12 → TU-12;
3×TU12→ TUG-2;
7×TUG-2 → TUG-3;
3×TUG-3 → VC-4 → STM-1.
Consequently, 63( = 3x7x3) 2M signals can be multiplexed into STM-1. The
multiplexing structure of 2M is 3-7-3 structure.
Mapping and Multiplexing Procedure
x３
Multiplexing
x３
Multiplexing
AU-PTR LPOH
x N x 1
STM-N AUG-4 AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mb/s
TU-PTR Rate
xN Multiplexing
HPOH adjustment
x7 Multiplexing
Overhead
 Overhead implements the monitoring

functions to ensure proper transport of the
payload.
 Section Overhead- includes RSOH & MSOH

 Path Overhead- includes HPOH & LPOH
Section Overhead
R A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0   Transmission
S direction
B1   E1  F1  
O
H D1   D2  D3
Administrative Unit Pointer (AU PTR)
9 rows
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
M D4 D5 D6
S D7 D8 D9
O
H D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2  
9 columns
 Reserved for national use

 Media dependent bytes
A1, A2 Bytes
 Framing Alignment Bytes: A1, A2

 To identify the initial location of a frame
 A1=F6 H, A2=28 H
A1, A2 cannot be detected for five consecutive
frames;
OOF is
reported
OOF lasts 3 m
seconds
LOF is
reported
J0 Byte
 Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0
 As the identification of regenerator section access

point, it ensures that a section receiver can verify its
continued connection to the intended transmitter.
 It is used to identify individual STM-1 inside a
multiplexed STM-N. STM-16 has sixteen J0 bytes for
every STM-1 in it.
F1 Byte
 User Channel Byte: F1

 Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for
special maintenance purposes.
D1-D12 Bytes
 Data Communication Channel (DCC) Bytes:
D1-D12
 DCC is the channel for transmission of OAM
information among NEs and NMS.
 192kp/s (3 x 64 = 192) channel is defined using bytes
D1, D2, and D3 as a Regenerator Section DCC.
 576kp/s (9 x 64 = 576) channel is defined using bytes
D4 to D12 as Multiplex Section DCC.
E1, E2 Bytes
 Orderwire Bytes: E1, E2
 E1 and E2 are used to provide 64 kb/s
channels for voice communication.
 E1 is accessed at regenerators as well as at
all multiplex points
 E2 is accessed only at Multiplexers
B1 Byte
 Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP-8) Byte: B1
 B1 is for regenerator section error monitoring.
 BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the regenerator
section of STM-N frame.
 BIP-8 Principle:
 B1 is computed in unit of 8 bits.
 Monitoring partition: bit column.
 Even parity is generated by setting the BIP-8 bits so
that there is an even number of 1s in each partition of

the signal.
B1 Byte
 B1 Byte Principle
 At transmitting side, the BIP-8 is computed over all bits of
the STM-N regenerator before scrambling, and the result is
placed in byte B1 of the preceding frame.
 At receiving end, the BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the
regenerator after de-scrambling. This result is then
Exclusive OR with the B1 byte result received in later
frame.
 If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no
bit block error. But if the result is not zero then there may
be errors in transmission.
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
For example
BIP-8 A3 10101010
BIP-8 is computed over a
frame of signal composed of A4 00001111
4 bytes.
B 01011010
B1 Byte
 At transmitting end A, BIP-8 is computed over
all bits of the first frame, and result is placed
in byte B1 of the second frame. At receiving
end B, the BIP-8 is computed over all bits of
the first frame, and then exclusive OR with the
B1 byte of the second frame. The number of
1s of exclusive OR operation indicate
transmission errors.
1st frame
Nth
frame
2nd
1st Nth frame
frame frame
2nd
frame A B
Transmitting end Receiving end

B2 Bytes
 Bit Interleaved Parity Nx24 (BIP-Nx24) Byte: B2
 B2 is for multiplex section error monitoring.
 The BIP-N x 24 is computed over all bits of the STM-N frame
except for the first three rows of SOH.
 BIP-N x 24 Principle:
 B2 is computed in unit of N x 24.
 Monitoring block: bit column.
 Even parity is generated by setting the BIP-N x 24 bits so
that there is an even number of 1s in each block of the
signal.
B2 Bytes
 B2 Byte Principle
 At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits
of the STM-N frame except for the first three rows of SOH,
and the result is placed in 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame
before scrambling.
 At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of
the frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and then
Exclusive OR with the B2 bytes of the later arrived frame.
 If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit
block error. Any mismatch in result indicates transmission
errors.
11001100 11001100 11001100
For example 01011101 01011101 01011101
BIP-N×24 is computed over
a frame of signal composed BIP24 11110000 11110000 11110000
of 9 bytes.
01100001 01100001 01100001
M1 Byte
 Multiplex Section Remote Error
Indication (MS-REI) Byte: M1
 A return information from receiving end
detecting MS-BBE to transmitting end.
 Convey the count of interleaved bit blocks
that have been detected in error by BIP-24 in
receiving end.
 The transmitting end will report a
corresponding performance event, MS-REI.
K1, K2 Bytes
 Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Bytes: K1 &
K2
Last three bits of K2 byte indicates alarm type;

 111 indicates MS-AIS alarm (Multiplex Section Alarm
Indication Signal) at receiving end.
 110 stands for MS-RDI alarm (Multiplex Section Remote

Defect Indication) at transmitting end.
S1 Byte
 Synchronization Status Message Byte:
S1 (b5-b8)
 S1 is used to implement clock source

protection and switching function.
 The value corresponding to b5-b8 indicates
the quality of synchronization. The smaller
values indicates better quality of the clock
sources.
Section Overhead
 Byte interleaving of Section Overhead
When STM-1 frames are multiplexed into
STM-N, the byte interleave multiplexing
way of AU Pointer and Payload is different
from Section Overhead. In former case, all
bytes are interleaved. For the later, only
the first STM-1 frame’s section overhead
is reserved, while remaining STM-1
frame’s Section Overheads are omitted
except few bytes like A1, A2, B2.
Path Overhead
 Classification
 High Order Path Overhead (HPOH)
 Low Order Path Overhead (LPOH)

HPOH
1 261
J1 Path trace byte 1
B3 Path BIP-8 byte
C2 Signal label byte
G1 Path status byte
VC4 F2 Path user channels byte
H4 Position indicator byte
F3 Path user channels byte
K3 (b1~b4) APS channel byte
N1 Network operator byte 9
J1 Byte
 Path Trace Byte: J1
 The first byte of VC4

 Pointed by AU-PTR
 Required to be matched at transmitting and
receiving ends
B3 Byte
 Path BIP-8 Code: B3
 Implements higher order VC’s error

monitoring
 Monitoring principle: BIP-8 even parity
 The value of B3 byte needs to be compared at
both transmitting and receiving ends. Any
inconsistency between two results means
transmission errors in VC-4.
C2 Byte
 Signal Label Byte: C2

 Indicates the composition and type of
multiplexing structure
 Examples:
00H means unused
02H means multiplexing structure is 3xTUG-
3
 Indicate the information about payload type
 Required match at both ends
G1 Byte
Path Status Byte: G1
 Indicating high order VC transmission status

 Return message from receiving end to
transmitting end
 HP-REI: Higher Order Path Remote Error indication
(sum of receiving error block of VC4)
 HP-RDI: High Order Path Remote Defect Indication
H4 Byte
Multi-frame Indicator Byte: H4
 Indicate the multi-frame types and location of the

payload.
 For 2M PDH to SDH multiplexing structure, H4
indicates the current frame is which frame of the multi-
frame, allowing Rx to find TU-PTR and drop 2M signals.
 H4 value: 00H-03H
Low Order Path Overhead
 V5: Path status, Path BIP-2, and Signal
Label Byte
 J2: Low order path trace byte
 N2: byte for network operator usage
 K4: APS byte for low order path
1 4
1 V5 J2 N2 K4
VC12 VC12 VC12 VC12
9
500µs VC12 Multi-frame
V5 Byte
Path Status, Path BIP-2, & Signal Label Byte: V5
 The first byte of VC-12 multi-frame

 Pointed by TU-PTR
 Monitor error block, signal label, path status
 Error block monitoring: b1-b2
 Return path status message: b3, b8
 Signal label: b5-b7
 Similar to B3, C2, and G1
SDH Frame Structure
 Understanding SOH and POH?
 Both SOH and POH are bytes for Operation, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM), which ensure reliable and flexible
transmission.
 SOH and POH monitor and administrate transmission at

different layers (or levels). RSOH and MSOH are for
regenerator section and multiplex section respectively.
Whereas, HPOH and LPOH are for VC-4 / VC-3 and VC-12
respectively.
SDH Frame Structure
 Comparison
 LPOH – to monitor small package (VC-12)
 HPOH – to monitor large package (VC-3/VC-4)
 MSOH – to monitor the carriage of the truck
(STM-1)
 RSOH – to monitor the motorcade which
consists of trucks (STM-4 / STM-16 / STM-64)
Hierachy of common alarms
R-LOS R-LOF
MS-EXC MS-AIS
AU-LOP AU-AIS HP-UNEQ HP-TIM HP-SLM
TU-AIS
Basic Network Topological Structure
SDH network is established by the

interconnection of SDH NE equipment with
the optical cable. The network node
equipment and the transmission line are
aligned geometrically to form the network
topological structure. The channel utilization
ratio, reliability and economical efficiency of
the network are largely related to the
topological structure.
SDH Network Topology
a. Line Topology
TM ADM REG ADM TM
b. Tree Topology
TM ADM REG ADM TM
ADM
TM
continuation
c. Mesh Topology d. Ring Topology

ADM ADM ADM
ADM ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
continuation
e. Star Topology
TM
TM
ADM
TM DXC REG ADM TM
ADM
TM
TM
Self-Healing Network Overview
 Protection
Definition
When the fault occurs, the network can automatically resume its carried
services from a failure without manual intervention within a very short period of
time, so that the terminal user cannot notice the network fault.
 Important Remark
Self-healing can only recover the failed services through the standby
channel, but it cannot correct or replace the components and the lines
with fault.
Basic Principle
 To enable the network to detect failure and re-establish connection within a
very short period of time (50ms).
 Precondition for Self-healing Network: Redundant routes, powerful cross-

connection capability of the NE and certain intelligence of the NE
A B
Classifications
According to Topology
 Chain Network Service Protection
 Ring Network Service Protection
 Inter-ring Service Protection
According to Protection Section
 Multiplex Section Protection
 Path Section Protection
 Logic Subnet Protection
Basic Chain Network Protection Type
 1+1 Path Protection
 1+1 Multiplex Section Protection
 1:1 Multiplex Section Protection

Chain Network 1+1 Path Protection
CS CS
TR TR
OL OL
OL OL
Send Together Receive One

Chain Network 1+1 Multiplex Section
Protection
The STM-N signal is simultaneously cross-

connected to the working and protection
channels during transmission.
CS CS
TR TR
OL OL
OL OL
Chain Network 1:1 Multiplex Section Protection
The 1:1 structure is the subset of the 1:n

(n=1) structure. It has the capacity to work in
the 1+1 structure and to interconnect with
the 1+1 structure of the other end.
W W
CS CS
OL OL
OL OL
P P
 Multiplexing segment 1:1 protection is different from Multiplexing
segment 1+1 protection. The working payload is transmitted
through the working path while the protection path can be used
to carry extra payload which is of inferior class .
 When the working path fails, the extra payload on the protection
path will be superseded by the working payload according to
APS protocol. Thus the working payload is protected.
 In normal working,1:1 come up to 2+0.
Automatic Protection Switch
PS
W ①
source end
5a
P
5b
④ K1,K2
end
source
⑦ ②
PS K1
6
WORKING SIGNAL K2
PROTECTION SIGNAL
Basic Ring Network Protection Type
 2-fiber Unidirectional Path Protection Ring
 2-fiber Bidirectional Multiplex Section

Protection Ring
 4-fiber Bidirectional Multiplex Section

Protection Ring
According to the flow, the services on the transmission network
can be classified into UNIDIRECTIONAL and
BIDIRECTIONAL services.
Unidirectional: A-D-C & C-B-A

B D
Bidirectional: A-D-C & C-D-A
C
Network Type Route Service Direction
Chain Consistent Route Bidirectional
Bidirectional Path Consistent Route Bidirectional

Ring
Bidirectional Consistent Route Bidirectional
Multiplex Section
Ring
Unidirectional Path Separate Route Unidirectional
Ring
Unidirectional MS Separate Route Unidirectional
Ring
2-fiber Unidirectional Path Protection
Ring
 It adopts 1+1 protection mode, the switching criterion is PATH-AIS, and APS protocol
is not needed
 At the source NE, the payload is send to the working and protection paths
simultaneously. The destination NE compares the coming signal from both paths ,
then determine to receive the payload of better quality.
CA CA AC
AC
W1 W1
P1
P1
A A
D B D B
C P1
C
P1
W1
W1
switching
CA AC CA AC
Working Principle
OL OL
R T
working Working
path CS path
protection protection
T R
path path
receive
one
send
EP together
2-fiber Bidirectional MS Protection Ring
Definition
 2 fiber : there are two fibers between a pair of nodes

 Bi-direction : service between two NE use the same
section of the network and are transmitted by opposite
directions
 Multiplexing section : protection based on MS, protect
the payload part, use APS to start the protection
Working Principle
S1/P2
A S2/P1
Working Paths (S1 and S2) Under
normal conditions, services are
D B transmitted along the working
path. The first half of the fiber
C maybe taken as the working path,
taking STM-16 as an example, the
1st-8th AU4 is the working path.
Protecting Paths (P1 and P2)
S1/P2 After protection switch,
services are transmitted along
the protecting path. The last
A S2/P1 half of the fiber maybe taken
as the protecting path, taking
STM-16 as example, the 9th-
D B 16th AU4 is the protecting
path.
C
Relationship between
S1/P2 the working and
protecting paths
The protecting path of
A S2/P1 one direction protect
the working path of the
other direction, i.e, P1
D B protects S1, and P2
protects S2.
C
CA Rx AC Tx S1 and S2 are used to
S1/P2 transmit services.
Service AC is sent in S1
A S2/P1
through path A > B > C
D B Service CA is sent in S2
through path C > B > A
C
P1 and P2 can be used to
send extra service now.
CA Tx AC Rx
Switch Condition
LOS, LOF, MS-AIS, and Signal Degrade
Switching Procedure
CA Rx AC Tx Switch： If the fiber between
S1/P2 B and C is broken switch
occurs in B and C.
A S2/P1
B node: service AC crosses
from S1 to P1, and sent
D B
through A > B > A > D > C
C
C node: service CA crosses

from S2 to P2, and sent
CA Tx AC Rx through C > D > A > B > A
Features
 Advantages ： time slot protection, time slots between two
nodes can be reused, increase the transmission capacity,
standby paths P1 and P2 can transmit extra services.
 Disadvantages: longer switching time due to APS protocol

and adopt cross connection. Numbers of nodes is limited to 16.
 Transmission capacity: k*(STM-N/2) where k = no. of nodes
 Suitable for distribution services

 Two working fiber ( W1 and W2) and two protection fiber. (P1 and P2) ， W1 is clockwise,
and W2 is counterclockwise.
 P1 and P2 is in opposite direction to W1 and W2 respectively. Each node has its own
changeover switch.
CA AC CA AC
W1
W1
P1
P1
W2
W2
P2
P2
A A
D B
D B
C
C P2
P2
W2 W2
P1 P1
W1 W1
CA AC CA AC switching
CA AC
Under normal condition,
 Optical fibers S1 and S2 are the working fibers.
 The service from A to C (AC) is fed to S1 in clockwise direction: A > B > C.
 Using the same principle, service signal CA is fed to S2 in counterclockwise
direction: C > B > A.
 P1 and the P2 optical fiber may transmit the extra service
CA Rx AC Tx
S1
S2
P1
P2
D B
CA Tx AC Rx
continuation
Signal Failure – Cross-section
 If the fault only affect the working channel, the service can be
recovered by switching to the protection channel in the same
cross-section.
CA Rx AC Tx
S1
S2
P1
P2
A
D B
CA Tx AC Rx
continuation
Signal Failure – Ring
 For the 4-fiber ring, it adopts the ring switching only when the service
cannot be recovered via the cross-section switching.
 If the working and protection channels in the same cross-section have
faults, one ring bridge connection will be started.
CA Rx AC Tx
S1
P1 S2
P2
A
B
D
switch
Features
 Advantages ： minimizes the chances of isolation of an NE in case
of fault, greatly increases transmission capacity, standby paths P1
and P2 can transmit extra services.
 Disadvantages: switching speed is slow due to APS protocol,

moreover must carry cross-connection switching; high demand for
system capacity.
 Transmission capacity: k*STM-N where k = no. of nodes
 Suitable for distribution services

Protection Type 2f Unidirectional 2f Bidirectional MSP 4f Bidirectional MSP
PP Ring Ring Ring
No. of Nodes K K K
Line Speed STM-N STM-N STM-N
Transmission STM-N K/2*STM-N k*STM-N

Capacity
APS Protocol NA With With
Switching Time <30ms 50-200ms 50-200ms
Cost Low Medium High
System Simple Complex Complex

Complexity
Field of Relay Networks Long Distance Networks Long Distance
Application (Centralized (Distribution Services) Networks (Distribution
Services) Services)

SDH product
Introduction: Family
The SDH based multi-service node equipment of ZTE provides

all applications at the core layer, convergence layer and access
layer, and provides users with future-oriented integrated solutions.
Introduction: Sub-rack Dimension
• Main rack depth: 300mm
• Sub-rack height: 17U
• Sub-rack weight ： 25kg
• Sub-rack dimension ：
754.85mm(H)*
482.6mm(W)*270mm(D)mm
Introduction: Sub-rack Appearance
Introduction: Main Rack
Line 3U
ZXMP Series has 3 type main racks

300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x
2600mm （ H ）
300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x
2200mm （ H ）
300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x
Sub-rack 17U2000mm （ H ）
The 2600mm 、 2200mm rack can be installed two

sub-racks but 2000mm supports only one
The rack can support 1008 E1 add&drop
Dust Filter 2U
Main rack light
Power breaker
Line area
Sub-rack interface area
Brand
Sub-rack
Sub-rack card area
Fan
Dust Filter
Introduction: Layout of sub-rack slots
Introduction: Layout example
B E E E E S B E E E B
N N Q
I S S S S O C I S S S I
C C X
E E E E E W I E E E S E
P P I
3 3 1 1 3 B 1 1 1 1 3
61 62 63 64 65 17 18 19 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
E E E E E O O C C O O E E E L L
P P P P P L L S S L L P P P P P
E E E E E 4 16 A A 16 1 E E E 1 1
3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Introduction: Working Environment
Rating Voltage ： -48V ；
High Voltage ： -57V ， Low Voltage: -40V ；
Total Consumption: 350W(Full Configuration) ；
Environment Requirement ：
Requirement Condition
Temperature （ Long Term ） 0~40℃
Humidity （ Long Term ） 20~80%
Temperature （ Short
-5~45℃
Term ）
Humidity （ Short
5~95%
Term ）
Introduction: Clock Synchronization
Clock Synchronization ：
 Extract the clock from 28 line/tributary
 Export clock signal from any port of optical card
 4*2Mbit/s(2*75Ω, 2*120Ω): SCIB
 4*2MHz(2*75Ω, 2*120Ω): SCIH
Introduction: Card Definition
 NCP ： NE Control Process
 OW ： Order Wire
 QxI ： Qx Interface
 SCIB ： B type Synchronization Clock
Interface （ 2Mbit/s ）
 SCIH ： H type Synchronization Clock Interface （ 2M
Hz ）
 CSA ： A type Cross Switch
 OL16 : STM-16 Optical Line
 OL4 : STM-4 Optical Line
 OL4x2 : 2 ports STM-4 Optical Line
 OL1x2 : 2 ports STM-1 Optical Line
 OL1x4 ： 4 ports STM-1 Optical Line
 LP1x4: 4 ports STM-1 Line Process

 LP1x8 ： 8 ports STM-1 Line Process
 ESS1x4: 4 ports STM-1 Electrical Switch
 ESS1x8: 8 ports STM-1 Electrical Switch
 EPE3x6: 6 ports E3 Electrical Process
 EPT3x6: 6 ports T3 Electrical Process
 ESE3x6: 6 ports E3/T3 Electrical Switch
 BIE3 ： E3/T3 /STM-1e/FE Bridge Interface

 EPE1x63 （ 75 ）： 63 ports E1 Electrical Process ， 75Ω

 ESE1x63 ： 63 ports E1 Electrical Switch ， 75Ω
 EIE1x63 ： 63 ports E1 Electrical Interface ， 75Ω
 EPE1x63 （ 120 ）： 63 ports E1 Electrical Process ， 120Ω

 EPT1x63 ： 63 ports E1/T1 Electrical Process ， 120Ω
 EIT1x63 ： 63 ports E1/T1 Electrical Interface ， 120Ω
 BIE1 ： E1/T1 Bridge Interface

 OBA ： Optical Booster Amplifier

 OBAx2 ： 2 ports Optical Booster Amplifier
 OPA ： Optical Booster Pre-amplifier
 OPAx2 ：2 ports Optical Booster Pre-amplifier
Architecture ： Function Modules
Architecture: Hardware Platform
Architecture: Hw Platform Functions
Architecture: EMS
The ZXONM E300 system has four layers:

 Equipment layer
 NE layer
 NE management layer
 Subnet management layer
It can also provide Corba interface for the network management
layer.
Architecture: EMS
Architecture: Interface Definition
System Features: Service Access Capability
System Features:Cross-connect Capacity
§ The ZXMP S385 system has the service access

capacity of 140 Gbit/s (equals to 896×896 AU-4s), the
space division cross-connect capacity of 180 Gbit/s
(equals to 1152×1152 AU-4s).
§ The ZXMP S385 of version V2.00 supports the TCS64
module, which has the time division cross-connect
capacity of 2×5 Gbit/s (equals to 2×32×32 AU-4s).
§ The ZXMP S385 of version V2.10 supports the
TCS256 module, which has the time division cross-
connect capacity of 40 Gbit/s (equals to 256×256 AU-4s).
System Features: 1+1 System Bus Design
Cross
STM-N STM-N
Connection
Synchronous
Clock
Cross
STM-N Connection STM-N
Synchronous
Clock
CS CS
Selective Simultaneous
Receiving Transmitting
Receive Transmit Receive Transmit
Service Card Service card

System Features: Protection Units
NCP
NCP
1+1 Separate
SeparateCard
Card
1+1 Hardware
HardwareRedundancy
Redundancy Power Supply
Power Supply
CS&SC
CS&SC
1+1
1+1
1:1
1:1Power
PowerModule
Module
1+1
1+1Bus
BusProtection
Protection
TPS
TPS
1:N
1:N
1:1
1:1Air
AirSwitch
Switch
E1/E3/STM-1e Three(3)
Three(3)Fans
Fans
E1/E3/STM-1e
1:1
1:1Primary
Primary
Electrical
ElectricalFE
FE
 No Key unit without any protection
Power
PowerInput
Input
 Hardware Redundancy makes the
equipment operate more safely
System Features: TPS
E3 1:3 E1 1:2 FE 1:2
E3
E3 E3
E3 E3
E3 E3
E3 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 FE
FE FE
FE FE
FE
E1 1:9
E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E1 E1
E
 Three(3) groups of TPS at the same time

 Optional Configuration
 Maximum 1:9 E1 TPS
 Electrical FE TPS
System Features: TPS Principle
CS
Backup Bridge Board

Board
Work
Switch Board
Board1
Work
Boar2 Switch Board
Work
Switch Board
BoardN
Main
Board
Functions: Optical Interface
STM-64 Optical Interface
The rate of STM-64 is 9953.28 Mbit/s. Each OL64 optical line board provides
one standard STM-64 optical interface.
The OL64 board multiplexes the low-speed signal into the 10 Gbit/s high-
speed signal, and can implement VC-4-nC (n= 4, 16, 64). The OL64 board of
ZXMP S385 can be equipped with different STM-64 optical interfaces as
listed in the following Table.
The rate of STM-16 is 2488.320 Mbit/s. Each OL16 optical line board
provides one standard STM-16 optical interface.
The OL16 board multiplexes the low-speed signal into the 2.5 Gbit/s high-
speed signal, and can implement VC-4-nC (n= 4, 16). The OL16 board of
ZXMP S385 can be equipped with different STM-16 optical interfaces as
listed in the following Table.
The rate of STM-4 optical interface is 622.080 Mbit/s. Each OL4 optical line board
provides one standard STM-4 optical interface. Each OL4x2 optical line board
provides two standard STM-4 optical interfaces. Each OL4x4 optical line board
provides four standard STM-4 optical interfaces.
The STM-4 optical interfaces provided by ZXMP S385 are listed as following table.
The rate of STM-1 is 155.520 Mbit/s. Each OL1x2 optical line board provides two
standard STM-1 optical interfaces. Each OL1x4 board provides four standard
STM-1 optical interfaces. And each OL1x8 board provides eight standard STM-1
optical interfaces.
The STM-1 optical interfaces provided by ZXMP S385 are listed as the following
table.
Functions: Electrical Interface
PDH Electrical Interface
The ZXMP S385 provides the following PDH electrical interfaces: T1 (1.554
Mbit/s), E1 (2.048 Mbit/s), E3 (34.368 Mbit/s), and T3 (44.736 Mbit/s). This table
lists different PDH electrical interface boards.
Functions: Multi-Service Function
Ethernet Service Transparent Transmission

Taking the TGE2B board as example, the ZXMP S385 equipment provides two point-to-point
transparent transmission channels via the TGE2B board. Each user port is bound with one unique
system port to implement the transparent transmission of gigabit Ethernet service.
Functions:Timing and Synchronization
Function
Clock source selection
The ZXMP S385 can choose the external clock, the clock extracted from STM-N
service interfaces, or the internal clock as the equipment timing reference. The working
modes include locked, hold, and free-oscillation modes.
If the external timing reference is selected as the clock source, four external 2 MHz or
2 Mbit/s clock input references and 28 lines (or tributaries) timing input references can
be set.
Configuration: TM-ADM-TM
The ZXMP S385 employs the modular design. It can perform functions of TM,
ADM and REG in the same hardware system. The boards can perform the functions
of different systems such as TM, ADM and REG by only modifying their NE
management software configuration, without changing the hardware. Multiple
TMs, REGs and ADMs can be implemented in the same subrack. The system
equipment types and their applications in the network are shown as following.
Configuration: TM Example
The typical configuration example of TM equipment at STM-16 level is shown as
following figure. These configurations can implement the 1:5 E1 protection, order
wire processing, and etc.
Configuration: ADM Example
The typical configuration example of ADM equipment at STM-16 level is shown as
following figure. These configurations can implement the 1:5 E1 protection,
orderwire processing, and etc.
Configuration: REG Example
The typical configuration example of REG equipment at STM-64 level is shown
as following figure.
 CWDM
Explain the system structure and features of ZXMP M600 equipment
State the main functions of the cards in the ZXMP M600 equipment.
Technical Background
 The rapid development of IP and Ethernet

data services
 Requirements for metro area network
(MAN)
302
WDM definition
l 1 l2 lN
l1 l1
l2 l2
lN lN
OMU ODU
 WDM technology is a fiber communication technology

transmitting multiple optical carriers with information
(analog or digital) on one fiber.
303
WDM definition
 The WDM technology is divided into two

categories
 DWDM （ Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ）
 channel spacing (0.4 nm or 0.8 nm) ， multiplexing
8,16,32,40,80,160wavelengths
 CWDM （ coarse wavelength division multiplexing ）
 channel spacing (20 nm), multiplexing 8,18wavelengths
304
CWDM system
OTU OTU
ATM
SONET OTU OTU
SDH D
PDH M D E
OAD1 OAD1 M
GE
U E M
FE SRM
M MU SRM
Fiber X U UX
Channel U X
ESCON X X
OOOO SSSS
TTTT RRRR
UUUU MMMM
305
 For common fibers (G.652 A&B), the ZXMP M600 usually employs
8+1 wavelength with the wavelength spacing of 20 nm.
Wavelength SN Central Wavelength (nm)
0 1 310
1 1 471
2 1 491
3 1 511
4 1 531
5 1 551
6 1 571
7 1 591
8 1 611
306
 For low water peak fibers (G.652 C&D), the ZXMP M600 usually employs
18 wavelengths with the wavelength spacing of 20 nm.
Wavelength Central Wavelength (nm) Wavelength Central Wavelength (nm)

SN SN
1 1 471 10 1 291
2 1 491 11 1 311
3 1 511 12 1 331
4 1 531 13 1 351
5 1 551 14 1 371
6 1 571 15 1 391
7 1 591 16 1 411
8 1 611 17 1 431
9 1 271 18 1 451
307
System Features
Rich service access type
• Multi-rate services access, including

STM-1, STM-4 and STM-16.
• Continuous-rate services access (10
Mbit/s-2.7 Gbit/s),
308
• Small granular service convergence,
Transmission Distance
Without EDFA module, transmission
distance becomes one of the important
technical index of CWDM system.
For a 8-λpoint to point CWDM network, the
optical fiber line attenuation budget can
reach 22.5dB (Distance: 75km @ 0.3dB/km)
For a 8-λand 9-node ring CWDM network, the optical fiber line
attenuation budget for the whole ring can reach 18dB (perimeter:
60km @ 0.3dB/km)
For longer transmission distance than the above, the regenerators
be used.
Access node
Access node 309

Access node
System Features
Transparent Transmission
transparent transmission
• Transparent transmission is very essential for the various services

used in MAN.
• No cross connection simplifies the equipment and enhances the
privacy of the services.
310
System Features
Flexible and Convenient
• Support replaceable SFP optical modules

• Support mixed plug and hot plug of boards in CWU, SMU and CWE
chassis except the PCW and NCP board.
• Support the front installation and hot plug of fans in the chassis.
311
System Features
Reliability
• Powerful protection capability (1+1
Path protection)
• Power supply card 1+1 backup and
dual power supply modules Receive
one
Send Send
Together Together
312
Comparison to SDH
Item 2.5G MSTP CWDM
Multi-protocol
good better
support
More than 2.5G

System Bandwidth Less than 2.5G
GE
upgrade capability good better
protection support support
Cross unit 2M ， 155M wavelength
313
Comparison to DWDM
Item CWDM Metro DWDM
Wavelength space 2500GHz (20nm) 100GHz/ 50GHz(0.8nm/0.4nm)
No. of λ 8/16 40/80/160
Max. accessing rate of one λ 2.5Gbps 10Gbps
Transmission capacity 20/40Gbps 100/800/1600Gbps
Non-regenerative transmission 70km 640km
distance
cost low high
Applications convergence layer of Backbone layer of
metropolitan transmission metropolitan transmission
network private network, network. Local transmission
small city backbone network
transmission network
314
 Position of the M600 in the network hierarchy
 Metro Aggregation/Access: M600 Provides CWDM Ring, Line
 Metro Enterprise Network( LAN-to-LAN) : M600 Provides CWDM
Ring, Line
M600 for metro access
ZXMP M600
ZXMP M600 Shelf
M600 shelf architecture
A node consisting of many piled CWU/SMU chassis supports
bidirectional transmission of 8+1 wavelengths , Convergence four 622
Mb it/s and two GE signals .
Node Control processor
Panel Of NCP
1. Dichromatic Indicator 2. RS232 Interface 3.

ALM Interface
4. Ethernet Interface 5. Ethernet Indicators
6. Optical Interface Of Supervisor y Channel
7. Resetting Hole 8. Laser Alarm ID
Connection of the SS Interface
ETMp
The OTU converts optical signal wavelen g ths in optical-electrical-optical mode

ETMp board
Indicators on ETMp cards
Indicators on ETMp card
ETMp card Parameters
ETMp card Parameters
OMD and OAD
Fundamentals of Microwave
Technologies
Historical Perspective
 Founded during WWII.

 Used for long-haul telecommunications.
 Displaced by fiber optic networks.
 Still viable for right-of-way bypass and
geographic obstruction avoidance.
Wireless Transmission
 Transmission and reception are achieved by
means of an antenna
 Directional
 Transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
 Transmitter and receiver must be aligned
 Omnidirectional “Isotropically”
 Signal spreads out in all directions
 Can be received by many antennas
Wireless Examples
 Terrestrial microwave transmission .

 Satellite transmission .
 Broadcast radio .
 Infrared .
Terrestrial Microwave
 Used for long-distance telephone service .
 Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40
GHz .
 Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high .
 Used by common carriers as well as private
networks .
 Requires unobstructed line of sight between
source and receiver .
 Curvature of the earth requires stations
(repeaters) ~30 miles apart .
Microwave Applications
 Television distribution .
 Long-distance telephone transmission .
 Private business networks .
Microwave
 Advantages :
 No cabling needed between sites .
 Wide bandwidth .
 Multichannel transmissions .
 Disadvantages :
 Line of sight requirement .
 Expensive towers and repeaters .
 Subject to interference -e.g. passing airplanes,
rain .
Satellite Microwave Transmission
 A microwave relay station in space .
 Can relay signals over long distances .
Wireless Technologies
Microwave
 Microwave Systems transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as
super-high-frequency radio waves
 One particular characteristic of the microwave system is that it cannot bend

around corners; therefore microwave antennas must be in "line of sight" of
each other
 The following are some of the characteristics of the microwave system:
1. High Volume
2. Long distance transmission
3. Point to point transmission
4. High frequency radio signals are transmitted from one terrestrial transmitter
to another
5. Satellites serve as a relay station for transmitting microwave signals over
very long distances. See image next slide
Wireless Technologies
Low-Orbit Satellite and Microwave Transmission

Microwave Spectrum
 Range is approximately 1 GHz to

40 GHz
 Total of all usable frequencies under
1 GHz gives a reference on the
capacity of in the microwave range.
Microwave Impairments
 Equipment, antenna, and waveguide

failures.
 Fading and distortion from multipath
reflections.
 Absorption from rain, fog, and other
atmospheric conditions.
 Interference from other frequencies.
Microwave Engineering Considerations
 Free space & atmospheric attenuation.

 Reflections.
 Diffractions.
 Rain attenuation.
Microwave Engineering Considerations
 Skin affect
 Line of Sight (LOS)
 Fading
 Range
 Interference
Free Space & Atmospheric Attenuation
 Free space & atmospheric attenuation is

defined by the loss the signal undergoes
traveling through the atmosphere.
Changes in air density and absorption by
atmospheric particles.
Reflections
 Reflections can occur as the microwave

signal traverses a body of water or fog
bank; cause multipath conditions
Diffraction
 Diffraction is the result of variations in the

terrain the signal crosses
Rain Attenuation
 Raindrop absorption or scattering of the

microwave signal can cause signal loss in
transmissions.
Skin Affect
 Skin Affect is the concept that high

frequency energy travels only on the
outside skin of a conductor and does not
penetrate into it any great distance. Skin
Affect determines the properties of
microwave signals.
Line of Sight
Fresnel Zone Clearance
 Fresnel Zone Clearance is the minimum

clearance over obstacles that the signal
needs to be sent over. Reflection or path
bending will occur if the clearance is not
sufficient.
LOS & FZC-cont’d
Fresnel Zone
D2
D1
D1 X D2
72.2
FxD
secret formula
Microwave Fading
Normal Signal
Reflective Path
Caused by multi-path reflections and heavy rains

Range
 The distance a signal travels and its

increase in frequency are inversely
proportional.
 Repeaters extend range:
 Back-to-back antennas.
 Reflectors.
Range-cont’d
 High frequencies are repeated/received at

or below one mile.
 Lower frequencies can travel up to 100
miles but 25-30 miles is the typical
placement for repeaters.
Interference
 Adjacent Channel Interference.

 Digital not greatly affected.
 Overreach
 Caused by signal feeding past a repeater to
the receiving antenna at the next station in the
route. Eliminated by zigzag path alignment or
alternate frequency use between adjacent
stations.
Components of a Microwave System
 Digital Modem.
 Radio Frequency (RF) Unit.
 Antenna.
Digital Modem
 The digital modem modulates the

information signal (intermediate frequency
or IF).
RF Unit
 IF is fed to the RF unit which is mounted

as close physically to the antenna as
possible (direct connect is optimal).
Antenna
 The antenna is a passive device that

radiates the modulated signal. It is fed by
direct connect of the RF unit, coaxial
cable, or waveguides at higher
frequencies.
Waveguides
Waveguides are hollow channels of

low-loss material used to direct the
signal from the RF unit to the
antenna.
Modulation Methods
 Primarily modulated today with digital FM

or AM signals.
 Digital signal remains quiet until failure
threshold bit error rate renders it unusable.
Bit Error Rate (BER)
 The BER is a performance measure of

microwave signaling throughput
 10 or one error per million transmitted bits of
information.
 Data fail over is at 10 ; voice traffic can
withstand this error rate.
Diversity
 Space Diversity
 Frequency Diversity
 Hot Standby
Space Diversity
Normal Signal
Fad
ed Sign
al
Transmitter Receiver
Space Diversity-cont’d
 Space Diversity protects against multi-path
fading by automatic switch over to another
antenna place below the primary antenna.
This is done at the BER failure point or
signal strength attenuation point to the
secondary antenna that is receiving the
transmitted signal at a stronger power
rating.
Frequency Diversity
RCVR
Active XTMR Frequency #1
Frequency #1
RCVR
Protect XTMR Frequency #2
Frequency #2
Frequency Diversity-cont’d
 Frequency Diversity uses separate

frequencies (dual transmit and receive
systems); it monitors primary for fail over
and switches to standby. Interference
usually affects only one range of
frequencies. Not allowed in non-carrier
applications because of spectrum scarcity.
Hot Standby*
Active RCVR
System XTMR #1
Primary #1
Standby RCVR
System XTMR #2
Standby #2
failure switch
*Hot standby is designed for equipment failure only
Availability Formula
Percent Availability equals:
1 – (outage hours/8760 hours per year)
Private microwaves have 99.99% availability

Microwave Path Analysis
 Transmitter output power
 Antenna gain
 proportional to the physical characteristics of
the antenna (diameter)
 Free space gain
 Antenna alignment factor
 Unfaded received signal level
Microwave Radio Applications
Optix RTN
Route microwave transmission solution
provided by the OptiX RTN
The OptiX RTN 950 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the
IDU 950 and the ODU.
Each ODU is connected to the IDU 950 through an IF cable.
Appearance of the IDU 950
ODU
 The ODU is the outdoor unit for the OptiX RTN 900. It
converts frequencies and amplifies signals.
 The OptiX RTN 900 product series can use the RTN
600 ODU and RTN XMC ODU, covering
 the entire frequency band from 6 GHz to 42 GHz
There are two methods for mounting the ODU and the
antenna: direct mounting and separate
mounting.
 The direct mounting method is generally adopted when a small- or medium-diameter
and single-polarized antenna is used. In this situation, if one ODU is configured for
one antenna, the ODU is directly mounted at the back of the antenna. If two ODUs
are configured for one antenna, an RF signal combiner/splitter (hence referred to as
a hybrid coupler) must be mounted to connect the ODUs to the antenna. Figure 1-4
illustrates the direct mounting method.
 The direct mounting method can also be adopted when a small- or medium-diameter
and dual-polarized antenna is used. Two ODUs are mounted onto an antenna using
an orthomode transducer (OMT). The method for installing an OMT is similar to that
for installing a hybrid coupler.
 The separate mounting method is adopted when a large- or medium-diameter and
single-or dual-polarized antenna is used. Figure 1-5 shows the separate mounting
method. In this ituation, a hybrid coupler can be mounted (two ODUs share one feed
boom).
Direct mounting Separate mounting
Radio link types that the OptiX RTN 950
supports
Microwave Types
 The microwave type is determined by the IF board and the configured working mode.
 SDH/PDH Microwave
 The SDH microwave refers to the microwave that transmits SDH services.
 The PDH microwave refers to the microwave that transmits only PDH services (mainly, the E1
services).
 SDH Microwave
 Unlike conventional SDH microwave equipment, the OptiX RTN 950 has a built-in MADM.
 The MADM grooms services to the microwave port through cross-connections, maps the services into
the STM-1-based or 2xSTM-1-based microwave frames, and then transmits the frames. With this
capability, services are flexibly groomed and the optical network and the microwave network are
seamlessly converged.
 The IF1 board can work in TU-12-based PDH microwave mode or STM-1-based SDH microwave
mode.
 The ISU2/ISX2/ISV3 board can work in SDH mode to support transmission of one STM-1 or two STM-
1s.
Hybrid/Packet Integrated IP Microwave
 The Hybrid/Packet integrated IP microwave (Integrated IP radio for short) can transmit
one type among or a combination of Native TDM services, Native Ethernet services, and
PWE3 packet services according to software settings. Therefore, the Integrated IP radio
achieves a smooth upgrade from Hybrid microwave to Packet microwave.
 IP Microwave Classification
 IP microwave can transmit packet services and support the AM function. The packet
services transmitted can be Native Ethernet services or packet services encapsulated in
PWE3.
 Conventional IP microwave is divided into two different types: Hybrid microwave and
Packet microwave.
 Hybrid microwave: Native TDM services and Native Ethernet services can be
transmitted through the air interface.
 Packet microwave: TDM services, ATM/IMA services, and Ethernet services after PWE3
encapsulation are transmitted through the air interface.
 As IP microwave evolves, the OptiX RTN 950 supports Integrated IP radio. As a result,
the equipment can support Hybrid microwave and Packet microwave at the same time,
and can simultaneously transmit multiple types of services at air interfaces.
PDH microwave
SDH microwave
Hybrid/Packet integrated IP microwave
Modulation Strategy
 The SDH/PDH microwave supports fixed modulation. The Hybrid/Packet microwave supports
fixed modulation and adaptive modulation.
 Fixed Modulation
 Fixed modulation refers to a modulation policy in which a modulation scheme is adopted
invariably to provide constant air interface bandwidth for a running radio link.
 When the OptiX RTN 950 uses fixed modulation, the modulation scheme and the channel
spacing can be set by using software.
 The SDH/PDH radio link uses fixed modulation.
 The Integrated IP radio link supports fixed modulation. Various combinations of modulation
schemes and channel spacing can be set.
 Adaptive Modulation
 The adaptive modulation (AM) technology adjusts the modulation scheme automatically based
on channel quality.
Modulation Scheme and Air-interface Capacity
 When the AM technology is adopted, in the case of the same channel spacing,
the microwave service bandwidth varies according to the modulation scheme;
the higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth of the transmitted
services.
 When the channel quality is good (such as on days when weather conditions are
favorable) the equipment adopts a high-efficiency modulation scheme to
transmit more user services. This improves transmission efficiency and
spectrum utilization of the system.
 When the channel quality deteriorates (such as on days with adverse weather),
the equipment adopts a low-efficiency modulation scheme to transmit only
higher-priority services within the available bandwidth while discarding lower-
priority services. This method improves anti-interference capabilities of the radio
link, which helps ensure the link availability for higher-priority services
Throughput at air interfaces of integrated IP radio (56 MHz
channel)
 Modulation Scheme Shift and Service Priorities
 In Integrated IP radio mode, the equipment supports the AM technology. With configurable
priorities for E1 services and packet services, the transmission is controlled based on the
service bandwidth and QoS policies corresponding to the current modulation scheme. The
highest-priority services are transmitted with precedence.
 Priorities of E1 services
 The priorities of E1 services are assigned based on the number of E1 services that each
 modulation scheme can transmit. When modulation scheme switching occurs, only the E1
 services whose number is specified in the new modulation scheme can be transmitted and
 the excess E1 services are discarded.
 Priorities of packet services
 With the QoS technology, packet services are scheduled to queues with different priorities.
 The services in different queues are transmitted to the microwave port after running the
 queue scheduling algorithm. When modulation scheme switching occurs, certain queues
 may be congested due to insufficient capacity at the air interface. As a result, certain services
 or all the services in these queues are discarded.
 NOTE
 In Integrated IP radio mode, when the equipment transmits STM-1 services and packet
services at the same time, STM-1 services have highest priority and their transmission is
ensured.
Adaptive Modulation
 AS shows in the nest slide the service changes caused

by shifts among six modulation schemes as an example.
The orange part indicates E1 services. The blue part
indicates packet services. The closer the service is to the
outside of the cylinder in the figure, the lower the service
priority
 Under all channel conditions, the service capacity varies
according to the modulation scheme.
 When the channel conditions are unfavorable (during
adverse weather conditions), lower-priority services are
discarded.
Adaptive modulation
 The AM technology used by the OptiX RTN 950 has the following
characteristics:
 The lowest-efficiency modulation scheme (also called reference scheme or
modulation scheme of guaranteed capacity) and the highest-efficiency
modulation scheme (also called nominal scheme or modulation scheme of full
capacity) used by the AM can be configured.
 – The IFU2/IFX2/ISU2/ISX2 boards support six levels modulation schemes,
including
QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM.
 – The ISV3 board supports 12 levels modulation schemes, including QPSK
Strong, QPSK, 16QAM Strong, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM,
512QAM, 512QAM Light, 1024QAM, and 1024QAM Light. Strong and light
indicate FEC coding strength. Strong FEC improves receiver sensitivity by
increasing error-correcting codes. Light FEC expands service capacity by
reducing error-correcting codes.
 – The ISV3 board can work in IS2 running mode. When interconnect with an
ISU2 or ISX2 board, the ISV3 board works in IS2 running mode and supports
only six levels modulation schemes, including QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM,
128QAM, and 256QAM.
 In AM, when modulation schemes are switched, the
transmit frequency, receive frequency, and channel
spacing remain un changed. In AM, modulation
schemes are switched step-by-step.
 In AM, modulation scheme switching is hitless. When
the modulation scheme is downshifted, high-priority
services will not be affected when low-priority services
are discarded. The switching is successful even when
100 dB/s channel fast fading occurs.
Capacity
Service Interfaces
Cross-Polarization Interference
Cancellation
 Cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC)
technology is used together with co-channel
 dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two
technologies doubles the wireless link
 capacity over the same channel.
Automatic Transmit Power Control
 Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the
output power of the transmitter to
 automatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive
end within the ATPC control range. This
 feature reduces the interference with neighboring
systems and residual BER.
Service signal processing flow of the
SDH/PDH microwave
Hybrid Microwave
Hybrid Microwave
Packet Microwave
Thank you!

Transmission Induction / Basic Training For O&M and NAP Transmission Teams

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transmission Induction / Basic Training For O&M and NAP Transmission Teams

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transmission Induction / Basic Training For O&M and NAP Transmission Teams

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transmission Induction / Basic

Training for O&M and NAP

 July 27, 2015

Workin • WDM Overview

• Application of The System

• EMS Function Introduction

• SDH Basic Concepts

• ZTE SDH Products Family

Protectio • Path Protection key point

• The CWDM basic theory

CWDM • OP Multiplex Section 1+1

• The Methods and Tools of

Optix RTN • Function/Feature/Specification

Service • Radio Link Configuration

• DWDM Theory Exam

 DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-

1530 - 1560nm wavelength λ

 Deviation between the actual axis

 The nonrated wavelength of optical path is

O/E Shaping, Timing & E/O

 Based on its position in a WDM system:

 Integrated WDM System

13 STM-16 13

15 STM-16 15

Indices 32 Channels 40 Channels

Item Unit 8 Channels 16 Channels 32 Channels 40 Channels

 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA

 Rubidium-Doped Fiber Amplifier PDFA

 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier SOA

 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM): Taking

 Requirements on monitoring channel:

Section Target Distance (km) 80 120 160

Section Loss (dB) 22 33 44

 Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier

Section Type L (80km/22dB) V (120km/33dB)

4 Wavelength 4L5-Y.Z 4L8-Y.Z 4V3-Y.Z 4V5-Y.Z

8 Wavelength 8L5-Y.Z 8L8-Y.Z 8V3-Y.Z 8V5-Y.Z*

16 Wavelength 16L5-Y.Z 16L8-Y.Z 16V3-Y.Z 16V5-Y.Z*

Section Target Distance (km) 400km 640km 360km 600km

• Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier

8 Wavelength 8L8-16.2 8V5-16.2 8V3-16.2

16 Wavelength 16L8-16.2 16V5-16.2 16V3-16.2

Section Target Distance (km) 640km 500km 360km

 Ring Network Protection

1+1 protection on multiplexing

WDM Protection System 1

1:N protection on Multiplexing

1:N protection within a WDM

Ring of point-to-point WDM

OR: Optical Repeater

300mm （ D ） x 600mm （ W ） x 2600mm （ H ）

Fan p lug-in box

OA子架 OUT sub-rack 2

ODF plug-in box

Common interface area

Fiber connection area

Subrack ID selection switch Power alarm

Subrack Power Box Board