2 - Utilisation

UTILISATION OF ELECTRIC POWER
MODULE 1
ELECTRIC TRACTION
 Course Code: EE702

 Co ordinator: Dr. Nandita Sanyal
INTRODUCTION:
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRACTION

 Non-electric traction: examples
steam engine drive
ic engine drive
diesel electric drive
gas turbine electric vehicles
 The locomotion in which the driving force is obtained from electric

motor is called the electric traction system.
 Self contained Electric vehicle
 Electric Vehicle fed from distribution system
 Tram Ways
 Trolley ways
 Electric Train
ELECTRIC TRACTION & EV
REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL TRACTION SYSTEM
 High Starting Torque

 The starting tractive effort should be high so as to have rapid
acceleration.
 Compact Enough
 The wear and tear on the track should be minimum.
 The wear and tear on brake shoes
 The equipments should be capable of withstanding large temporary

loads.
 Speed control should be easy.
 Economical
 Pollution free.
 Low initial and maintenance cost.
 The locomotive should be self contain and able to run on any route.
MERITS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION
 It is a clean Traction system
 Free from smoke and flue gases hence used for underground and
tubular railway.
 Pollution free
 No need of generators to operate light and fan in the traction System
 Very good speed Control
 Rapid acceleration and retardation

 Less maintenance cost
 High starting torque started instantaneously
 Cheapest method of traction
 Less vibration
 Can take large overloads
 Electrical Braking is superior than mechanical braking

DEMERITS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION
 High capital cost.

 Failure of supply paralyses the whole system.
 The electrically operated vehicles have to move on

guided track only.
 Additional equipment is required for achieving electric
braking and control.
 Ac transmission system interferes neighbouring
telecommunication lines.
SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION:
 D.C system
 A.C system
 Singlephase
 Three phase
 Composite system
 Single phase AC to DC
 Single phase to three phase
Electric Traction Systems
The system which use electrical power for traction system i.e. for railways, trams,
trolleys, etc. is called electrical traction. The track electrification refers to the type of
source supply system that is used while powering the electric locomotive systems. It
can be AC or DC or a composite supply.
Selecting the type of electrification depends on several factors like availability of
supply, type of an application area, or on the services like urban, suburban and main
line services, etc.
The three main types of electric traction systems that exist are as follows:
1.Direct Current (DC) electrification system
2.Alternating Current (AC) electrification system
3.Composite system.
DC Electrification System
The choice of selecting DC electrification system encompasses many
advantages, such as space and weight considerations, rapid acceleration and
braking of DC electric motors, less cost compared to AC systems, less energy
consumption and so on.
In this type of system, three-phase power received from the power grids is de-
escalated to low voltage and converted into DC by the rectifiers and power-
electronic converters.
This type of DC supply is supplied to the vehicle through two different ways:
•3rd and 4 the rail system operate at low voltages (600-1200V)
•Overhead rail systems use high voltages (1500-3000V)
The supply systems of DC electrification include;
•300-500V supply for the special systems like battery systems.
•600-1200V for urban railways like tramways and light metro trains.
•1500-3000V for suburban and mainline services like light metros and heavy
metro trains.
Due to high starting torque and moderate speed control, the DC series
motors are extensively employed in the DC traction systems. They provide
high torque at low speeds and low torque at high speeds.
Advantages;
•In case of heavy trains that require frequent and rapid accelerations, DC
traction motors are better choice as compared AC motors.
•DC train consumes less energy compared to AC unit for operating same
service conditions.
•The equipment in DC traction system is less costly, lighter and more
efficient than AC traction system.
•It causes no electrical interference with nearby communication lines.
Disadvantages;
1.Expensive substations are required at frequent intervals.
2.The overhead wire or third rail must be relatively large and heavy.
3.Voltage goes on decreasing with increase in length.
AC Electrification System
An AC traction system has become very popular nowadays, and it is more often used
in most of the traction systems due to several advantages, such as quick availability
and generation of AC that can be easily stepped up or down, easy controlling of AC
motors, less number of substations requirement, and the presence of light overhead
catenaries that transfer low currents at high voltages, and so on.
The supply systems of AC electrification include single, three phase, and composite
systems. The Single phase systems consist of 11 to 15 KV supply at 16.7Hz, and 25Hz
to facilitate variable speed to AC commutation motors. It uses step down transformer
and frequency converters to convert from the high voltages and fixed industrial
frequency.
The Single phase 25KV at 50Hz is the most commonly used configuration for AC
electrification. It is used for heavy haul systems and main line services since it doesn’t
require frequency conversion. This is one of the widely used types of composite
systems wherein the supply is converted to DC to drive DC traction motors .

Three phase system uses three phase induction motor to drive the locomotive,
and it is rated at 3.3.KV, 16.7Hz. The high-voltage distribution system at 50 Hz
supply is converted to this electric motor rating by transformers and frequency
converters. This system employs two overhead lines, and the track rail forms
another phase, but this raises many problems at crossings and junctions.
Advantages;
1.Fewer substations are required.
2.Lighter overhead current supply wire can be used.
3.Reduced weight of support structure.
4.Reduced capital cost of electrification.
Disadvantages;
5.Significant cost of electrification.
2.Increased maintenance cost of lines.
3.Overhead wires further limit clearance in tunnels.
4.Upgrading needs additional cost especially in case there are brigdes and
tunnels.
5.Railway traction needs immune power with no cuts.
Composite System
Composite System (or multi-system) trains are used to provide continuous

journeys along routes that are electrified using more than one system. One way to
accomplish this is by changing locomotives at the switching stations. These
stations have overhead wires that can be switched from one voltage to another.
Another way is to use multi-system locomotives that can operate under several
different voltages and current types. In Europe, it is common to use four-system
locomotives. (1.5 kV DC, 3 kV DC, 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC, 25 kV 50 Hz AC).

2 - Utilisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 - Utilisation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 - Utilisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UTILISATION OF ELECTRIC POWER

 Course Code: EE702

MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRACTION

 The locomotion in which the driving force is obtained from electric

 High Starting Torque

 The wear and tear on the track should be minimum.

 The wear and tear on brake shoes

 The equipments should be capable of withstanding large temporary

 Low initial and maintenance cost.

 No need of generators to operate light and fan in the traction System

 Very good speed Control

 Rapid acceleration and retardation

 Can take large overloads

 Electrical Braking is superior than mechanical braking

 High capital cost.

 The electrically operated vehicles have to move on

Composite System (or multi-system) trains are used to provide continuous

You might also like