Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 23 views

    Module 4

    Uploaded by

    Jherome
    This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: 1. Calculating molecular weights and moles of compounds and substances 2. Predicting and balancing simple chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, substitution, and neutralization 3. Determining percent composition of elements in compounds It provides examples of calculating molecular weights, moles, balancing equations, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from percent composition data. The objectives are to perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced chemical equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Module 4

    Uploaded by

    Jherome
    23 views39 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: 1. Calculating molecular weights and moles of compounds and substances 2. Predicting and balancing simple chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, substitution, and neutralization 3. Determining percent composition of elements in compounds It provides examples of calculating molecular weights, moles, balancing equations, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from percent composition data. The objectives are to perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced chemical equations.

    Original Description:

    HAHAM

    Original Title

    MODULE-4 (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: 1. Calculating molecular weights and moles of compounds and substances 2. Predicting and balancing simple chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, substitution, and neutralization 3. Determining percent composition of elements in compounds It provides examples of calculating molecular weights, moles, balancing equations, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from percent composition data. The objectives are to perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced chemical equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views39 pages

    Module 4

    Uploaded by

    Jherome
    This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: 1. Calculating molecular weights and moles of compounds and substances 2. Predicting and balancing simple chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, substitution, and neutralization 3. Determining percent composition of elements in compounds It provides examples of calculating molecular weights, moles, balancing equations, and determining empirical and molecular formulas from percent composition data. The objectives are to perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced chemical equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    STOICHIOMETRY

    This module discusses how to determine the molecular mass and the mole; how to balance
    simple chemical reactions and perform computations based on balanced chemical reactions
    OBJECTIVES

    1. Be able to compute the molecular weight and the mole of a


    substance
    2. Predict and balance simple chemical reactions
    3. Determine the percent composition of the elements in a
    compound
    4. Resolve which the limiting is and compute for the percent
    yield of a chemical reaction
    How to compute the molecular weight of a
    compound?
    The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of all the elements
    comprising a compound.
     
    For example, H2O, 2 times the atomic weight of hydrogen + atomic weight of
    oxygen
    MW of H2O = 2(1.00797 amu) + 15.9994 amu = 18.01534 amu
    Exercises

    Find the molecular weight of the following compounds


    1. NaCl (Na = 22.9898; Cl = 35.453)
    2. Mg(NO3)2 (Mg = 24.312; N = 14.0067; O = 15.9994)
    3. Ca3(PO4)2 (Ca = 40.08; P = 30.97; O = 15.9994)
    4. K2S2O3 (K = 39.102; S = 32.067; O = 15.9994)
    5. C12H26 (C = 12.01115; H = 1.00797)
    What is a mole?

    A mole is basic unit in chemistry. One mole of a


    substance is equal to the sum of atomic weights of all
    the elements comprising a compound, expressed in
    mass unit. For example, one mole of H2O is equal to
    18.01534 grams.
    Exercises

    Calculate the number of moles of the following: (Use the atomic


    masses in the previous exercise)
    1. 49.0 grams of H2SO4
    2. 328.0 grams of Ca(NO3)2
    3. 394.3 grams of Mg3(PO4)2
    4. 256.7 grams of C12H22O11
    5. 140.0 grams of NaOH
    Predicting and Balancing Simple Chemical
    Reactions
    5 types of reactions:
    1. Synthesis or Direct Combination
    2. Decomposition
    3. Substitution
    4. Metathesis or Double Displacement
    5. Neutralization
    Synthesis or Direct Combination

    a) Metal + Non-metal  Binary compound


    b) Metal Oxide + Water  Metal hydroxide
    c) Non-metal oxide + Water  Ternary acid
    Metal + Non-metal  Binary compound

    In this type of reaction, the valence of the elements is taken into consideration.
    For example
    Na + Cl2  NaCl Why?
    Since Na is in group IA, it has a charge of +1 and Cl is in group VIIA, it has a charge
    of -1. The sum of the charge in a compound is always zero. In other words, the
    charge of the elements is just being interchanged

    Note: Chlorine is one of the elements that occur in diatomic form, the others are
    hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, bromine and iodine.
    Balancing the Equation

    To balance, we multiply NaCl by 2 since there are 2 Cl in the reactant.


     
    Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
    however the equation is still not balanced since there are
    2 Na in the product, so we multiply Na in the reactant by 2
     
    2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
    the equation is now balanced
    Example 2

    Mg + N2  Mg3N2
    (because Mg is in group IIA, it has charge of +2, while N is
    -3 in binary compounds). We multiply Mg by 3.

    Mg + N2  Mg3N2
    the equation is now balanced
    Metal Oxide + Water  Metal hydroxide

    Na2O + H2O  NaOH, why?


    Na is +1 and OH is -1. Then we multiply NaOH by 2 since there are 2 Na, 2 H
    and 2 O in the reactant
     
    Na2O + H2O  2 NaOH
     
    MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2
    because Mg is +1 and OH is -1. The equation is already balanced
    Non-metal oxide + Water  Ternary acid

    SO3 + H2O  H2SO4


     
    In reaction 1c, the oxidation number of the non-metal in the reactant should have the
    same oxidation number in the product.
    Reactant Product
    S + 3(-2) = 0 2(1) + S + 4(-2) = 0
    S=6 2+S–8=0
    S=6
    We have the right product.
    DECOMPOSITION

    1. Metal Carbonates + heat  metal oxide + carbon dioxide


    Except IA which do not decompose readily
    IA carbonate + heat  IA carbonate
    MgCO3 + heat  MgO + CO2 (the equation is already balanced)
     
    Al3(CO3)3  Al2O3 + CO2, we multiply the reactant by 2, Al 2O3 by 3 and CO2 by 3
    2 Al3(CO3)3  3 Al2O3 + 3 CO2

    Metal carbonate  No reaction


    Na2CO3 + heat  Na2CO3
    Decomposition

    2. Metal bicarbonates  metal oxide + carbon dioxide + water

    Except IA bicarbonates
     IA bicarbonates  IA carbonate + carbon dioxide + water
     
    Ca(HCO3)2 + heat  CaO + CO2 + H2O, we multiply CO2 by 2 since there are 2 C in the reactant
     
    Ca(HCO3)2 + heat  CaO + 2 CO2 + H2O
     
    NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O, we multiply the reactant by 2
     
    2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O, the equation is now balanced
    Decomposition

    3. Metal chlorates + heat  metal chloride + oxygen gas

    KClO3 + heat  KCl + O2


    we multiply the reactant by 2, KCl by 2 and O2 by 3
     
    2 KClO3 + heat  2 KCl + 3 O2
    Displacement
    In the displacement reaction, we consider the Activity Series. Only the
    more reactive element can replace another element.

    AB + C  CB + A
    Activity Series
    Li, K, B, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au.
    Example

    HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2
    Because Zn is more reactive than H.
    We multiply HCl by 2 to balance the reaction
     
    2 HCl + Zn  ZnCl2
    the reaction is now balanced
     
    HCl + Au  no reaction
    Because Au is less reactive than H
    Metathesis

    Under Metathesis, the solubility rules are applied. If the


    substance is not soluble, it will not come in contact with the
    other substance, so there will be no reaction.
    Solubility Rules

    1) Salts of NH4+ and Group IA are soluble


    2) Chlorates, nitrates and acetates are soluble
    3) Chlorides are soluble except AgCl, HgCl and PbCl2
    4) Sulfates are soluble except CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4 and Ag2SO4
    5) Phosphates, carbonates and metallic oxides are insoluble except NH4+ and Group
    IA
    6) All metallic hydroxides are insoluble except NH4+ and Group IA and Group IIA
    from calcium down
    7) Sulfides are insoluble except NH4+ and Groups IA and IIA
    Example

    Na2SO4 + Pb(NO3)2  PbSO4 + NaNO3.


    Since there are 2 Na and 2 NO3 in the reactant, we multiply NaNO3 by 2.

    Na2SO4 + Pb(NO3)2  PbSO4 +2 NaNO3

    Ba(NO3)2 + AlCl3  BaCl2 + Al(NO3)3.


    There are 3 Cl in the reactant and 2 Cl in the product, so we multiply AlCl 3 by 2 and BaCl2 by 3

    Ba(NO3)2 + 2 AlCl3  3 BaCl2 + Al(NO3)3.


    There are 3 Ba in the product so we multiply Ba(NO3)2 by 3, and there are 2 Al in the reactant, so we multiply Al(NO 3)3 by 2.

    3 Ba(NO3)2 + 2 AlCl3  3 BaCl2 + 2 Al(NO3)3. The reaction is now balanced.


    Neutralization Reactions

    1) Acid + base  Salt + water


    2) Metal oxide + acid  salt + water
    3) Non-metal oxide + base  salt + water
    4) Metal oxide + non-metal oxide  salt
    Acid + base  Salt + water

    H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O.


    There are 2 Na in the product, we multiply NaOH by 2
     
    H2SO4 + 2 NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O.
    There are now 4 H in the left side and only 2 H in the right side, so we multiply H 2O by
    2.
     
    H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 +2 H2O.
    The equation is now balanced
     
    Metal oxide + acid  salt + water

    K2O + HNO3  KNO3 + H2O.


    There are 2 K in the left side, so we multiply KNO3 by 2 and
    there are 2 H in the right side so we multiply HNO3 by 2.
     
    K2O + 2 HNO3  2 KNO3 + H2O.
    The equation is now balanced
    Non-metal oxide + base  salt + water

    P2O5 + NaOH  Na3PO4 + H2O.


    There are 2 P in the left side, so we multiply Na 3PO4 by 2.
     
    P2O5 + NaOH  2 Na3PO4 + H2O.
    there are now 6 Na in the right side, so we multiply NaOH by 6
     
    P2O5 + 6 NaOH  2 Na3PO4 + H2O.
    There are now 6 H in the left side so we multiply H 2O by 3.
     
    P2O5 + 6 NaOH  2 Na3PO4 + 3 H2O. The equation is now balanced.
    Metal oxide + non-metal oxide  salt

    Na2O + N2O5  NaNO3.


    There are 2 Na and 2 N in the left side, so we multiply NaNO3 by 2.
     
    Na2O + N2O5  2 NaNO3. The reaction is now balanced.
    Exercises

    Predict the product or products and balance the following reactions:


    1) Al + S 
    2) LiHCO3 + heat 
    3) ZnCl2 + K 
    4) Al2(SO4)3 + Pb(NO3)2 
    5) SO2 + Al2O3 
    PERCENT COMPOSITION OF
    COMPOUNDS
    The  first
     step is to compute the molecular weight of the substance. For example,
    Na2SO4
    MW = 142.0412 amu. (Na = 22.9898; S = 32.064; O = 15.9994)
    How To Determine Molecular Formula Of The
    Compound Given The Percent Composition

    Step 1. Assume 100 g sample


    Step 2. Determine number of moles of each element
    Step 3. Divide step 2 by the lowest number of moles.
    Example

    Determine the molecular formula of a compound with the following percent


    composition: Na = 32.37%; S = 22.57%; and O = 45.06%

    STEP 1: Assume 100 g sample


    Mass Na = 32.37 g
    Mass S = 22.57 g
    Mass O = 45.06 g
    Step 2

      
    Mole Na =
    Mole S =
    Mole O =
    Step 3

       Na =

    S=

    O=

    Therefore, the molecular formula is Na2SO4.


    Empirical Formula & Molecular Formula

    Empirical Formula is defined as the simplest formula, while


    the molecular formula is the true formula of the substance. In
    most inorganic compounds, the empirical formula is also the
    molecular formula. However, most organic compounds have
    different empirical and molecular formula.
    An organic compound has 40.0% C, 6.71% H and 53.28% O.
    The molecular weight of the compound was found to be
    180.15894 g/mole.
    Follow
       the first 3 steps, then the 4th step is dividing the molecular weight by the empirical weight.
    C=
    H=
    O=
     Dividing C, H and O by 3.3301 yielding C = 1, H = 2 and O = 1. The empirical weight is 30.02649
    g/mole.
    n=
     Therefore, the multiplier is 6, the molecular formula is C6H12O6.
    STOICHIOMETRY

    STOICHIOMETRY is defined as calculations based


    on balanced chemical reactions
    Sample Problem

    Step 1 is to establish and balance the equation

    CaCO3 + H3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + H2CO3.


    Multiply CaCO3 by 3 since there are 3 Ca and multiply H3PO4 by 2 since
    there are 2 P in the right side of the reaction.
     
    3 CaCO3 + 2 H3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2CO3
    Step 2

      
    Determine the limiting reagent by dividing the number of moles of the
    reactants.
     
    Mole CaCO3 =
    Mole H3PO4 =
    Since CaCO3 has the lower number of moles, it is the limiting reagent
    Step 3

      
    Determine the product of the reaction using the limiting reagent
    Mole Ca3(PO4)2 =

    Mole Ca3(PO4)2
    % yield =
    % yield

    You might also like