A Proposed Research Presentation on

POWER MANAGEMENT OF STANDALONE HYBRID

ENERGY SYSTEMS
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Electrical Engineering)
By
SHIVENDRA SAURABH
(Reg. No. PHDADM192020819)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. AJAY SHEKHAR PANDEY Dr. YOGESH K
CHAUHAN
PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
EED, KNIT SULTANPUR EED, KNIT SULTANPUR

Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW (U. P.), INDIA

29 October 2020
OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION
 Supervisor Details
 Course Work
 Introduction & Motivation of Research Work
 Wind Power Generation
 Solar PV
 SMES/Battery bank
 Literature Review
 Identified Research Areas/Scope of Work
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Time & Activity chart
 References
 Supervisors Detail
Supervisor –I
Name - Dr. AJAY SHEKHAR PANDEY
Designation - PROFESSOR
EED, KNIT SULTANPUR
Teaching Experience - 32 Years
Field of Specialization - Renewable Energy Sources
Artificial Intelligence Techniques and its Applications
Planning, Operation and Control of Power System
Research Paper Reviewed- IEEE Transaction on Power system
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
IEEE Access
JECI
Canadian Journal of Electrical & Computer engineering
Student Guidance - PH.D. - 06 (02 submitted)
M.TECH - 33
B.TECH PROJECT - 47
 Supervisor-I
Publications: International Journals - 26
International Conference - 19
National Journal -1
National Conference - 13

Seminar/Workshop/Short Course Organized - 22

Attended Seminar/Workshop/Delivered Lectures - 33

Short Term Course/Training/Winter/Summer School Attended - 21

 Supervisors Detail
Supervisor –II
Name - Dr. YOGESH KUMAR CHAUHAN
Designation - ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
EED, KNIT SULTANPUR
Teaching Experience - More Than 20 Years
Field of Specialization - Power Electronics
Electrical Machines & Drives
Electric Power Quality
Research Paper Reviewer - IEEE: Transaction on Industry Application
PCIC Committee of IEEE-IAS Society
IET : Electrical Power Applications
Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Elsevier : Renewable Energy, Solar Energy
Engineering Science & Technology
European Transaction on Electric Power
Taylor & Francis: Electrical Power Components and
Systems (ETEP)
 Supervisor-II
Students Guidance: PH.D. - 09 (05 submitted)
M.TECH - 77
B.TECH PROJECT - 18

Publications: International Journal - 47

IEEE/International Conferences - 61
Book Chapters - 12
National - 11
Patent Published -1

Conference/Session Organized -10

Short-Term Course Organized -12
Expert Lecture Delivered -31
Conference/Seminar/Workshop Participated - 15
Short-Term course Attended - 19
 Course Work
PLACE : KAMLA NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SULTANPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
 Introduction
 Renewable energy sources [1] become an important part of electrical
power generation where the reserves of fossil fuels get closer to depletion.

 In this century power generation through renewable energy sources has

tremendous challenges and growth. Due to the advantages of
environmentally friendly and ample availability, the scope for renewable
power generation seems to be very extensive.

 Electrical power generating technologies play an important role as

awareness about clean energy are increasing day to day. Some available
power generation technologies from renewable energy sources [2],[3] are
wind, biomass, ocean, photovoltaic (PV), geothermal, micro hydro, tidal,
etc.

 The regularly expanding energy consumption, the modest nature of fossil

fuel and the compounding global environment have made blasting
enthusiasm for renewable energy source power generation systems [4].
 Introduction
 In Contrast to conventional centralized power plants, these systems are
practical, smaller in size and can be introduced nearer to load canters. Wind and
solar energy systems are taking the greatest offer from this current pattern [5].

 India has 5th position in the installed capacity of renewable energy. Renewable
energy accounts for approximately 35.86% of a total 370 GW of power
generation capacity installed in India [6].

 Demand for power in India has been increasing due to the rising population,
growing economy, and changing lifestyles. Despite substantial capacity
additions, the power sector is still in shortage of energy.

 Specially installed capacity of renewable energy in India is approximately

35.86% of total power, in which Gujarat and Rajasthan states are having
maximum installed capacity of renewable energy. Renewable energy sources
like wind energy and photovoltaic (PV) power are becoming popular.
 INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA
gas diesel
nuclear 6.70 % 0.10 %
biomass 1.80 %
2.70%
solar power
9.40%

coal 55.4 %
wind power
10.20%
small hydro
1.30 %
large hydro
12.30 %

Fig.1 Percentage of power installed capacity in INDIA (as on 31 March 2020);[6]

 Motivation of Research Work
 Distributed generation (DG) units, including both renewable and non-
renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) modules [7], wind generators [8]
and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) provide alternative
environment friendly energy to satisfy current electrical demands of
consumers [9].

 Wind and PV are the primary power sources of the system to take full
advantages of renewable energy and the SMES is used as a power backup
and a long-term storage system [10]. A battery bank is also used in the
system for short time backup to supply transient power.

 The different energy/storage sources in the proposed system are integrated

through an ac/dc link bus [11].

 The basic concerns of hybrid energy systems are the energy management,
optimal design and control of power electronic circuits [12].
 Wind Power Generation
 In the wind power generation, it is important to keep the wind turbine
at optimal speed for the stabilization of the power generation regardless of
the wind speed variations [13]. In order to reduce the fluctuations in
generated power caused by the wind speed variations, the pitch angle of
the blades plays important role for power generation [14].

 The output power of the wind turbine is given by the following

equation (1) as,
1
Pa   R 2C p (  ,  )Vw3 …………….(1)
2
Where ρ is the air density, A is the turbine swept area; Vw is the wind
speed and the power coefficient Cp. The power coefficient is a non-linear
function depending on the tip speed ratio λ and β blade pitch angle [8].
The performance coefficient Cp is the function of blade pitch angle and tip
speed ratio, given in equation (2) as,
 Wind Power Generation
  C
 C2   5i
C p (  ,  )  C1   C3 .  C4  e  C6 . ……………..(2)
 i 

 *R
Tip speed ratio is defined as   V
t

Where the rotation speed of the rotor, R is the rotor radius and is the
wind speed.
The produce torque of the turbine can be found as,
Pa
Tt 
t
The generated output power- wind speed curve and the blade pitch angle-
wind speed curve is also shown in figure (2) as, [14]
 Wind Power Generation
Blade
Pitch
Pm 90
Angle
[Degree]
75

60

45

30

15

Vwind 0
Vwind
5 12 24
Vwind_cut in Vwind_Rated Vwind_cut off Vwind_cut in Vwind_cut off
0 0 Vwind_Rated

Wind Speed [m/s]

Fig.2 (a) Generated power-wind speed curve Fig.2(b) Blade pitch angle-wind speed curve
Photovoltaic
The Power PVGeneration
array source consists of many series-parallel PV modules
connected to provide the desired DC voltage required by the system. The
solar cell usually represented by simplified equivalent circuit model is
shown in figure (3) as,
RS

Io Ic
IPh Vc

Fig 3. Equivalent circuit of PV cell

The PV cell output voltage Vc is given as,

AKTc  I ph  I o  I c 
Vc  ln    Rs I c …………..(3)
e  Io 
Where,
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
e: Electron charge (1.602x10-19 Coulombs)
K: Boltzmann constant (1.38x10-2/K)
IC : Cell output (Amp)
IPh : Photo current, function of irradiance level and junction temp (Amp)
Io: Reverse saturation current of diode (0.0002A)
Rs : Series resistance of cell (0.001ohm)
Tc: Reference cell operating temperature (30 •C)
Vc: cell output voltage (Volt)
A: Gain constant

 The typical I-V characteristic curves of the PV system used under different irradiance
level (at 25 •C) is shown in figure (4).

 Temperature plays an important role in the I-V performance of PV system, which is

illustrated in figure (5).
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
1000 W/m2 Irradiance levels
4.0

Current (A) 3.5

800 W/m2
Isc 3.0

600 W/m2
2.5

2.0
400 W/m2
1.5
Cell Voltage
1.0 (Vc)
200 W/m2
0.5

0 20 40 60 80

Output Voltage (V)

Fig. 4. I-V characteristics of PV cell Figure 5. I-V characteristics of PV system on different temperature

 It is clear from figure (4) that higher irradiance results into larger short circuit
current (Isc) and It is also clear from figure (5), at the lower temperature
ranges, the output current and voltage are maximum.
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
 The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is its low
efficiency and high capital cost. The concept of maximum power point tracking
significantly increases the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system.

 A typical solar panel converts only 20 to 30% of the incident solar irradiation into
electrical energy. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is used to
improve the efficiency of the solar panel [15]. In the source side boost converter
connected to a solar panel is used order to enhance the output voltage so that it can
be used for different applications like lighting load and motor load. By changing the
duty cycle of the boost converter appropriately source side impedance can be
matched with that of the load impedance to transfer maximum power.

 Different techniques used to track the maximum power point are reported in
literature. Few of them are:
1) Perturb and observe (hill climbing method)
2) Incremental conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current/ open circuit voltage method
4) Artificial intelligent based approach
5) Optimization based approach
 SMES
(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
 A SMES system stores energy in the magnetic field created by the DC current
which passes through a superconducting coil in short circuit [16].
 The system can only work if the coil is maintained below the critical temperature of
the superconductor (Tc), hence it is necessary to include a cryogenic system in the
operation of SMES.
 As the electrical resistance of the coil becomes zero Ω, there are no ohmic losses,
meaning that a high operating efficiency (over 95%) can be achieved [17].
 The main source of inefficiency comes from the refrigeration system which keeps
the cryogen below Tc, thus to minimize this, the coil has to be properly insulated so
no heat is exchanged with the surrounding environment. Other losses appear in the
power electronics from the Power Conditioning System (PCS).

A SMES system consists of 4 main sub-systems:

 SMES
(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)
• the superconducting coil kept under vacuum in a thermally insulated
environment by using a Dewar;
• the refrigeration system along with the vacuum pump - which are
functioning continuously to keep the temperature under Tc;
• the power conditioning system, which consists of a series of power
electronic devices: transistors, capacitors and inductors for regulating the
electricity exchange between the SMES and the grid;
• the control unit, which continuously monitors the essential parameters such
as temperature, pressure, current, coil strain, adjusting the operation of the
cryogenic system accordingly
Besides these 4 main sub-systems, it is essential that a SMES system has a
protection which prevents damage in the superconductor in the event of a
sudden quench [18]. The amounted energy that can be stored in a SMES
system is given by the formula:
 SMES
(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)

1 2
𝐸 = 𝐿𝐼
2

where L is the coil inductance and I is the current circulating through the
coil. The higher the inductance and the current circulating through the coil,
the more energy can be stored.
 BATTERY BANK
 Batteries are all electrochemical, with an electrolyte coming between two
electrodes. During discharge, ions are freed from the first electrode called
anode, into the electrolytic solution and lay oxides on the second electrode
called cathode. Recharge process is the reverse of charging process.
 In a flow battery, the flux of electrolyte via an electrochemical cell
transforms the chemical energy to electricity. The electrolyte contains
dissolved electroactive liquid. By hanging this liquid, flow battery can be
quickly recharged. Additional electrolyte is kept externally, normally in
tanks, and pumped through the cells of a reactor.
 BATTERY BANK
 The authors [19] list the appropriate types of batteries for utility energy
storage, including Lead-Acid Batteries, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Metal–air
Batteries, Sodium-Sulphur Batteries, Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries, and
Zinc Bromide Flow Batteries. Batteries are commercially available and
cost-effective energy storage technologies [20].
 Batteries are very modular technologies. The storage capacity increases
with the number of batteries added to a battery bank.
 A battery bank is incorporated in this distributed energy system as a
backup source for emergency use. The battery bank is used when a sudden
load change occurs for a short period of time.
 Literature Review
Authors/Title/Publications details Approaches/Conclusion Scope of work

• Keeping the idea of the energy

saving, a research gap can be found
that the superconducting magnetic
• In this paper, a hybrid
J. Mishra, M. Pattnaik and S. energy storage (SMES) can be used
autonomous generation system
Samanta, "Power Management with battery bank for power back-
(HAGS) is discussed which is
Scheme for a Wind-Photovoltaic up purpose.
the combination of wind, solar
Hybrid Autonomous System with • In this paper, the performance
and battery.
Battery Storage," characteristics have been analyzed
• In this, along with the
IEEE 4th Southern Power for hybrid autonomous generation
optimum power control of
Electronics Conference (SPEC), system only, but in this different
wind-PV system, a battery with
Singapore, Singapore, pp. 1-5, -different optimization
bidirectional charge controller
Dec. 2018. [21] performance can be investigated in
is also included.
MATLAB/ Simulink environment
system with different load
applications.
 • In this paper the wind turbine
having main role of power • The battery system can be
generation while the PV system is replaced by SMES combination due
F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston,
use to play a complementary role. to its higher efficiency.
“Supervisor control for a stand-
A battery system is also used for • Maximum power point techniques
alone hybrid generation system
power backup. (MPPT) can be used for both the
using wind and photovoltaic
wind turbine and photovoltaic
energy”, IEEE Transactions on
• A comprehensive supervisor module to extract the maximum
Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2,
control for a hybrid system is power and to enhance the power
pp. 398-406, June 2005. [22]
developed to control power flow performance of designed system.
and monitoring of SOC of the
battery.

• Isolated renewable energy

• Hybrid scheme can be used to
system based on hybrid wind,
study the performance (e.g. VL, PL,
solar energy sources are
S. A. Daniel and N. Ammasai PPV, PWT) of the system for
considered as feasible and
Gounden, “A novel hybrid changes in PV irradiation,
reliable options instead of wind-
isolated generating system based temperature, and shaft torque of the
diesel systems.
on PV fed inverter assisted wind wind turbine, and load resistance.
• An isolated hybrid scheme
driven induction generators”, • Energy storage system can be used
employing a simple three-phase
IEEE Transactions on Energy to store the energy for power
square-wave inverter (DC- AC) to
Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. backup and subsequent generated
integrate a photovoltaic array
416-423, June 2004. [23] power can be utilized for load
with a wind driven induction
applications.
generator has been proposed.
 • Apart from the micro turbine, a
PV system can be added and then
• In this paper Renewable energy the system can be studied for cost
S. A. Pourmousavi, et al., “Real sources induction generator effectiveness in comparison of
time energy management of a (SEIG) with micro turbine conventional system.
stand- alone hybrid wind- micro system are used for hybrid power • SMES can be used for better
turbine energy system using generation. A battery system is performance of hybrid power
particle swarm optimization”, also used for power backup. generation. Actually, SMES having
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable • An energy management system more advantages over the battery
Energy, vol. no. 3, pp. 193-201, (EMS) is also proposed in this and no need to wait/ monitoring for
Oct. 2010. [24] paper, which control the power charging or discharging like battery.
flow to load from generation side Also, SMES is having higher
efficiency in comparison of battery
systems.

L. Wang and C. Singh,

“Multicriteria design of hybrid • In this paper particle swarm
• In this investigation, wind
power generation systems based optimization (PSO) technique is
turbine generator, photovoltaic
on a modified particle swarm used. In place of PSO more
panel and storage batteries are
optimization algorithm”, IEEE efficient optimization technique can
used to build hybrid generation
Transactions on Energy be used for extract the maximum
systems.
Conversion, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. power generation.
163-173, March 2009. [25]
 • Hybrid power generation
system, applying advanced power
T. Hirose and H. Matsuo,
control techniques, fed by four
“Standalone hybrid wind solar
power sources: wind power, solar • Other energy sources: like SMES
power generation system applying
power, storage battery, and diesel can be considered for power backup.
dump power control without dump
engine generator, and is not • The excess power can be utilized
load”,
connected to a commercial power for battery bank as a power back-up
IEEE Transactions on Industrial
system. for small-scale duration.
Electronics, vol. 59, no. 2, pp.
• In this paper a controller is
988- 998, July 2012. [26]
proposed for dump power control
without using dump load concept.

• An operating policy is first

introduced for the overall system,
E. I. Vrettos and S. A.
including conventional
Papathanassiou, “Operating policy • Integration of SMES can be
generators, RES (wind and
and optimal sizing of a high considered with presented RE
photovoltaic) and storage system.
penetration RES-BESS system for sources in this paper.
• Then simulation results are
small isolated grids”, • The performances of the system
presented to quantify the expected
IEEE Transactions on Energy can be investigated on the linear and
energy benefits in terms of RES
Conversion, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. non-linear load.
energy penetration and the impact
744-757, Sept. 2011. [27]
on the economics of the island
system.
 • In this paper stand-alone hybrid
power system is proposed. This
system consists of solar and wind
power, diesel engine, and an
W. M. Lin, C. M. Hong and C. H. • Other effective hybrid techniques for
intelligent power controller.
Chen, “Neural network based MPPT MPPT can be proposed for PV system.
• The pitch angle of wind turbine is
control of a stand-alone hybrid power • In place of diesel engine, the SMES
controlled by the Elman neural
generation system”, and energy storage system (battery) can
network (ENN) controlling
IEEE Transactions on Power be considered for power back up. The
technique, and the MPPT in the solar
Electronics, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3571- cost effectiveness of power generating
system uses radial basis function
3581, Dec. 2011. [28] system can be assessed.
network (RBFN) technique, and the
output signal of the RBFN is used to
control the dc/dc boost converters to
achieve the MPP.

• This paper discussed an FLC

control strategy of SMES to mitigate
the frequency and voltage
M. M. Aly, H. S. Salama and M.
fluctuations of an isolated Microgrid • Various optimization techniques can
Abdel-Akher, "Power control of
connected to wind/PV during high also be utilizing in this for maximum
fluctuating wind/PV generations in an
variations of wind speed and sun power extract for solar PV/wind hybrid
isolated Microgrid based on
irradiance. power generation.
superconducting magnetic energy
• Hence, combining suitable SMES and
storage,"
• Also presents that the proposed battery bank with other energy sources,
Eighteenth International Middle East
control strategy successfully the reliability of the combined/ hybrid
Power Systems Conference
controlled the charging and system can be further enhanced using
(MEPCON), Cairo, pp. 419-424, Dec.
discharging of the SMES real power the power backup.
2016. [29]
according to the requirement of the
Microgrid during the wind/PV
intermittent generations
 Identified Research Areas/Scope of Work
On the basis of literature survey, following areas/scope have been identified.
 Control of wind turbine system is necessary for identifying the parameter affecting
the output. The control parameters such as pitch angle control and tip speed ratio are
important for power generation and can be re-adjusted for improvement of
performance and to extract the maximum power from the wind energy. [27], [30] &
[31].
 The PV is increasingly in receiving attention in electrical power applications. It is
important to operate energy conversion systems near the maximum power point to
extract the maximum power output. The scope for a suitable technique of
maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) controller for the photovoltaic (PV) energy
conversion system will be identified for the system for maximum power transfer.
[28].
 Identified Research Areas/Scope of Work
 For the energy storage system as power back-up, there are many types of storage
system available in the market, they have some merits and demerits. These types of
storage system have the following essential qualities as: high power density, high
energy conversion efficiency, long life and instantaneous response time. SMES &
battery bank filling these requirements. SMES stores/delivers the energy for long
time power back-up. Battery-bank stores/delivers the energy for short time power
back-up. The scope has been identified on size, suitability, performance &
comparison of SMES/battery bank for the hybrid generation system [32], [33].
 A hybrid system comprises wind turbine/ photovoltaic (PV)/ SMES/ battery bank is
an alternative energy system for stand-alone applications. Wind and PV are the
primary power sources of the system. This hybrid system comprises with high
reliability, long term sustainability, high energy output, provides an un-interruptible
power supply, longer life and more efficient. The scope has been identified in the
area of standalone hybrid power generating station [22-26], [34].
 Identified Research Areas/Scope of Work
 Standalone hybrid power generation system with power management schemes can
provide the optimal designing, energy management, control of power electronic
circuits and extract the maximum power point from hybrid energy sources. The
scope of power management schemes that can enhance the hybrid system
performance and make the system more efficient [24], [35].
 Scope is identified to develop a methodology for sizing hybrid power generation
systems with energy storage systems which minimizes the total cost and maximizes
the reliability of supply using an optimization technique. The proposed methodology
assists the sizing and designing process of a hybrid renewable energy system for a
stand-alone area minimizing the cost of energy and maximizing the reliability of the
system [24], [25], [27], [36].
 Objectives of Research Work
The hybrid system under consideration maybe 10 to 50 KW or a larger one for this
research work. Based on literature review and identified scope, the following
objectives have been identified to carry out the research work under the titled “Power
Management of Standalone Hybrid Energy Systems” as,

 The design and performance of wind turbine system is required to be investigated,

adjustment of turbine parameters e. g. pitch angle and tip speed ratio to extract
maximum power from the wind energy.
 The investigation will be carried out for advanced MPP techniques to extract
maximum power from PV system under different environmental condition.
 Performance, sizing & comparison of SMES/Battery bank for the backup
requirement used in the hybrid generation system.
 Objectives of Research Work
 Standalone hybrid power generation using wind/solar/SMES/battery bank will
be investigated for different dynamic conditions.

 To apply suitable power management scheme for standalone hybrid power

generation systems for improve performance.

The standalone wind/solar pv/smes/battery-bank hybrid power generation system

will be designed, constructed and located as per environment considerations. The
configuration of the standalone wind/solar pv/smes/battery bank hybrid power
generation system is shown in figure.6. The investigated hybrid system consists of
wind energy source, solar pv source, a unidirectional AC/DC converter dedicated to
the wind energy, a unidirectional DC/DC converter dedicated to solar pv, two
bidirectional DC/DC converters connected to a SMES and a battery bank, a power
management scheme, a single-phase DC/AC inverter and AC and DC loads.
Figure.6. proposed block diagram of standalone wind/solar pv/smes/battery bank hybrid
power generation system
 Methodology
The scope of research work has been identified and the research
process can be analyzed as,

Fig. 7 Block Diagram of Research Activity

 Methodology
 In above block diagram of figure (7), different phases are proposed. In first
phase a plan is proposed for deciding the research area or topic in a specific
field. The second phase is literature survey and collection necessary literature.

 Based on literature survey; problems for the research work are identified and
modelling and simulation will be carried out. Later the power generators using
two renewable energy sources will be carried out with SMES and battery bank
as a power-backup used in hybrid system. The modelling and simulation will
be done in Matlab/ Simulink environment. Lastly the work will be compiled as
per thesis outline.
 Time & Activity Chart
Sr. TASK ESTIMATED PROGRESS

No TIME REPORT

1. Collection of useful papers related to dissertation work 4 Months In Progress

2. Study and Literature Survey 4 Months ………….

3. Problem Formulations 2 Months ………….

4. Design of the main component of the system 6 Months ………….

5. Design of suitable control technique 4 Months ………….

6. Simulation of the system 6 Months ………….

7. Performance investigation of the system based on result 4 Months ………….

obtained

8. Thesis writing & submission 6 Months ………….

9. Total 36 Months  
 References
[1] A. S. Anees, “Grid integration of renewable energy sources: Challenges, issues and
possible solutions”, Proc. IEEE 5th India International Conference on Power Electronics
(IICPE 12), pp.1-6, December (2012)
[2] S. Sumathi, L. Ashok Kumar, P. Surekha. "Solar PV and Wind Energy Conversion
Systems", Springer Nature America, Inc, 2015.
[3] Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu and A. Mahesh, “Optimal sizing of PV/wind/battery Hybrid
Renewable Energy System Considering Demand Side Management”, International Journal
on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Volume 10, Number 1, March 2018.
[4] Kaundinya DP, Balachandra P, Ravindranath NH. “Grid-connected versus stand- alone
energy systems for decentralized power - a review of literature”, Renew Sustain Energy
Rev vol. 13, pp. 2041–2050, October 2009.
[5] Najafzadeh, Kaveh, and Hosein Heydari. “New Inverter Fault Current Limiting Method
by Considering Microgrid Control Strategy”, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 463–464,
Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., pp. 1647–1653, Feb. 2012.
[6] Location wise regional summary of all India installed capacity of utility power stations,
March 2020.
 References
[7] B. Boukhezzar and H. Siguerdidjane, “Nonlinear control of a variable speed wind turbine using
a two-mass model”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 149- 163, March
2011.
[8] N. Kasa, T. Iida and L. Chen, “Flyback inverter controlled by sensor less current MPPT for
photovoltaic power system”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1145–
1152, Aug. 2005.
[9] H. Zhang, H. Dou, J. Ren, J. Li and H. Zhang, "Research on the application of superconducting
magnetic energy storage in wind/photovoltaic generation system", International Conference on
Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), Taipei, pp. 213-215, 2009.
[10] Bizon N. “Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid
energy storage system”, Appl Energy, vol. 229, pp. 459–473, 2018.
[11] C. Wang and M. H. Nehrir, “Power management of a standalone wind/photovoltaic/fuel
cell energy system”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 957- 968, Sept.
2008.
[12] S. Abedi, A. Alimardani, G. B. Gharehpetian, G. H. Riahy, and S. H. Hosseinian, “A
comprehensive method for optimal power management and design of hybrid RES-based
autonomous energy systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 1577-
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Thank You…..