This document defines superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the key discoveries including the first observation of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he found mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. It describes critical temperature and the different classifications of superconductors. The document also explains the influential BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer for which they won the Nobel Prize, describing how Cooper pairs form. Several other Nobel Prizes related to superconductivity are also mentioned.
This document defines superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the key discoveries including the first observation of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he found mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. It describes critical temperature and the different classifications of superconductors. The document also explains the influential BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer for which they won the Nobel Prize, describing how Cooper pairs form. Several other Nobel Prizes related to superconductivity are also mentioned.
This document defines superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the key discoveries including the first observation of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he found mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. It describes critical temperature and the different classifications of superconductors. The document also explains the influential BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer for which they won the Nobel Prize, describing how Cooper pairs form. Several other Nobel Prizes related to superconductivity are also mentioned.
This document defines superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the key discoveries including the first observation of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 when he found mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. It describes critical temperature and the different classifications of superconductors. The document also explains the influential BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer for which they won the Nobel Prize, describing how Cooper pairs form. Several other Nobel Prizes related to superconductivity are also mentioned.
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SUPER
CONDUCTORS AND SUPER CONDUCTIVITY BY VISHAL D OUTLINE • Definition of Superconductivity and Superconductors
• Discovery
• Critical temperature
• Classification of Superconductors
• BCS Theory
• Nobel prize for Superconductivity
DEFINITION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials generally at very
low temperatures , characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field .
The materials which exhibit the property of superconductivity at very low
temperatures are called super conductors.
Examples: Mercury, lead, tin, aluminum, certain alloys etc.,
DISCOVERY
Superconductivity was discovered on April 8, 1911
by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures .
At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that
the resistance abruptly disappeared.
In the same experiment, he also observed the
superfluid transition of helium at 2.2 K CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
The temperature at which electrical resistance
is zero is called the Critical temperature (Tc ).
The cooling of the material can be achieved
using liquid nitrogen or liquid helium for even more lower temperature. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTORS Type I Response to a magnetic field Type II Type-1.5.
By theory of operation BCS theory
high-temperature By critical temperature Low temperature
By material BCS THEORY
This theory was developed by Bardeen,
Cooper and Schrieffer.
This theory states that the electron
experience special kind of interaction, overcoming the coulomb forces oF repulsion between them, as a result Cooper pairs.
For this work, the authors were awarded the
Nobel Prize in 1972. COOPER PAIRS A Cooper pair is the name given to electrons that are bound together in a certain manner first described by Leon Cooper .
Cooper pairs are formed by an attractive
force between electrons from the exchange of phonon.
The energy of phonon is usually less than
0.1eV NOBEL PRIZE FOR SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913), "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures ".
John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and J. Robert Schrieffer (1972),
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory".
Leo Esaki and Brian D. Josephson (1973), "for their experimental
discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller (1987), "for their important
break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". THANK YOU
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