Evolution of Microprocessors

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
MICROPROCESSORS AND
MICROCONTROLLERS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: PRESENTED BY:
T. V. PREETAM RAJ - 18981A04H3

Mr. G. SUNIL KUMAR T. GOUTHAM KRISHNA - 18981A04H4
(Asst. Professor) T. POOJA SHARMILA - 18982A04H5
T. AMITH RAJ - 18981A04H6
P. VIVEK - 19985A0434
CONTENTS:
 MICROPROCESSOR
 EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS
 HISTORY
 GENERATIONS AND IT’S FEATURES
(IC 4004, IC 8085, IC 8086, IC 80386)
 MAIN COMPARISON
 CONCLUSION
QUESTION
Explain the following about the evolution of microprocessor

a) List out the important features of 4004, 8085,8086,80386
b) Give the main differences/ comparisons/ advancements in the evolution of the processors
MICROPROCESSOR
What is it?
 Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated
Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.
 A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called
microcomputer.
 The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors,
registers, and diodes that work together.
Evolution of Microprocessor
 Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell Lab).
 IC was invented in 1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors) by Texas Instruments, J Kilby.
 First microprocessor was invented by INTEL(Integrated Electronics).
 We can categorize the microprocessor according to the generations or according to the size
of the microprocessor.
How it all began?
 In 1969, Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation approached Intel to design 12 custom
chips for its new Busicom 141-PF* printing calculator.
 Intel designed a set of four chips known as the MCS-4.
 Intel purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and launched the
Intel® 4004 processor and its chipset with an advertisement in the November 15, 1971,
issue of Electronic News: ”Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.”
First Generation (4 - bit Microprocessors)
INTEL 4004
 The first generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1971-1972 by Intel
Corporation. It was named Intel 4004 since it was a 4-bit processor.
 It was a processor on a single chip. It could perform simple arithmetic and logical
operations such as addition, subtraction, Boolean OR and Boolean AND.
 Size of microprocessor – 4 bit.
 No. of Transistors – 2300.
Visible and Internal features:
 This revolutionary microprocessor, the size of a little fingernail, delivered the same
computing power as the first electronic computer built in 1946, which filled an entire
room.
 The first Intel® 4004 microprocessor was produced on two-inch wafers compared to the
12-inch wafers commonly used for today's products.
 In 1971, the Intel® 4004 processor held 2,300 transistors and LSI has been implemented
here.
 The Intel® 4004 microprocessor circuit line width was 10 microns, or 10,000 nanometers.
By comparison, an average human hair is 100,000 nanometers wide.
Technical Features:
 The 4004, which was part of the MCS-4 family of chips, was developed mainly for use in calculators,
cash registers, ATMs (automatic teller machines) and other simple business systems.
 The 4004 had a 4-bit processor. The instructions were stored in ROM (read-only memory), while
the data was stored in an external register. The 4004 used a 4-bit address bus. Other features included:
• Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz.
• Up to 92600 instructions per second.
• Separate program and data storage.
• 12-bit addresses.
• 8-bit instructions.
• 4-bit words.
Second Generation (8 - bit Microprocessor)
INTEL 8085
 The second generation microprocessors were introduced in 1973 again by Intel. It

was a first 8 - bit microprocessor which could perform arithmetic and logic
operations on 8-bit words. It was Intel 8008, and another improved version was
Intel 8088.
 In this generation, there are actually 3 microprocessors – 8008, 8080, 8085, each
with it’s improved features. 8085 is the latest in this generation.
 No. of Transistors in 8085 – 6500.
Features:
 It is an 8-bit microprocessor i.e. it can accept, process or provide 8-bit data simultaneously.
 The processor consists of 16-bit and 8-bit address and data lines and so the capacity of the
device is 216 which is 64KB of memory.
 As the 8085 microprocessor has 8-bit input/output address lines, it has the ability to address
28 = 256 input and output ports.
 This is constructed of a single NMOS chip device.
 This microprocessor is available in a DIP package of 40 pins.
 It functions on a clock cycle having a duty cycle of 50%
 It’s maximum clock frequency is 3 MHz.
 It has 8-bit accumulator, flag register, instruction, register, six 8-bit general purpose.
Registers (B, C, D, E, H and C) and five 16-bit registers (SP and PC).
 It operates on a single +5V power supply connected at Vcc.
Third Generation (16 - bit Microprocessor)
Intel 8086
 The third generation microprocessors, introduced in 1978 were represented by Intel's 8086,
Zilog Z800 and 80286, which were 16 - bit processors with a performance like
minicomputers.
 In this generation, there are 5 microprocessors – 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 80286, each
with its improved features, 80286 is the lastest.
 No. of Transistors in 8086 are 29,000.
Features:
 It is 16 bit processor. So that it has 16 bit ALU, 16 bit registers and internal data bus and 16
bit external data bus. It makes faster processing.
 It has three version based on the frequency of operation:
• a)8086 -> 5MHz
• b)8086-2 ->8MHz
• c)8086-1 ->10 MHz
 8086 has 20 bit address lines to access memory,
hence it can access 2^20 = 1 MB memory location.
 8086 has 16-bit address lines to access I/O devices,
hence it can access 2^16 = 64K I/O location.
 Single +5V power supply.
 Pipelining:- 8086 uses two stage of pipelining. First is Fetch Stage and the second is
Execute Stage.
Fetch stage that prefetch upto 6 bytes of instructions stores them in the queue.
Execute stage that executes these instructions.
Pipelining improves the performance of the processor so that operation is faster.
 Operates in two modes:- 8086 operates in two modes:
a)Minimum Mode: A system with only one microprocessor.
b)Maximum Mode: A system with multiprocessor.
 8086 uses memory banks:- The 8086 uses a memory banking system. It means
entire data is not stored sequentially in a single memory of 1 MB but memory is
divided into two banks of 512KB.
 The 8086 provides fourteen 16-bit registers.
 The 8086 has multiplexed address and data bus which reduces the number of pins
needed, but does slow down the transfer of data (drawback).
Fourth Generation (32 - bit Microprocessors)
INTEL 80386
 Several different companies introduced the 32-bit microprocessors, but the most popular
one is the Intel 80386.
 In this generation, there are 3 microprocessors – 80386, 80486, PENTIUM, each with its
improved features, PENTIUM being the latest.
 No. of Transistors in 80386 – 275000.
Features:
 This 80386 is a 32bit processor that supports, 8bit/32bit data operands.
 The 80386 instruction set is upward compatible with all its predecessors.
 With the 32 bit address bus, the 80386 can address upto 4Gbytes of physical memory. The
physical memory is organized in terms of segments of 4Gbytes at maximum.
 The 80386 CPU supports 16K number of segments and thus the total virtual space of
4Gbytes * 16K = 64 Terabytes.
 It has pipeline architecture which allows simultaneous instruction fetching, decoding, and
executing and memory management.
 It compatible with 8086,8088, 80186, 80286 architecture.
 It has different data types like bits, byte, word, double word, Quadword, Tenbytes integer
(signed and unsigned form).
 It has Separate pins for its address and data line, this result in higher performance and
easier hardware design.
 Prefetch unit permits to prefetch upto 16bytes of instruction code. Therefore fetch time for
most instruction is hidden, increase the performance.
Main Comparison in the evolution of Processors:
Conclusion:
 Considering the dramatic progress made in microprocessor design and architecture since
1965, it’s risky to project what new technologies could become available in ten to fifteen
years.
 There are limits to what can be accomplished with silicon, says Philip J. Kuekes, a physics
researcher at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories.
 Microprocessor hardware improvements are becoming more and more difficult to
accomplish as, even Gordon Moore believes, the exponential upward curve in
microprocessor hardware advancements “can’t continue forever.”

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RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: PRESENTED BY:

T. V. PREETAM RAJ - 18981A04H3

Explain the following about the evolution of microprocessor

 The second generation microprocessors were introduced in 1973 again by Intel. It

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