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Logarithmic Functions Equations and Inequalities

Logarithmic functions relate the exponent of a number to the value of that number when written in exponential form. They are the inverse of exponential functions. Logarithmic functions have many applications, including measuring earthquake magnitudes on the Richter scale and sound levels in decibels. Logarithmic equations can be solved using properties of logarithms, including changing bases using the change-of-base theorem. Logarithmic inequalities can also be solved using similar techniques.

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Cindy Claire Pilapil
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771 views

Logarithmic Functions Equations and Inequalities

Logarithmic functions relate the exponent of a number to the value of that number when written in exponential form. They are the inverse of exponential functions. Logarithmic functions have many applications, including measuring earthquake magnitudes on the Richter scale and sound levels in decibels. Logarithmic equations can be solved using properties of logarithms, including changing bases using the change-of-base theorem. Logarithmic inequalities can also be solved using similar techniques.

Uploaded by

Cindy Claire Pilapil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS,
EQUATIONS &
INEQUALITIES
Logarithmic Function – Inverse of exponential
function
- It is a function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥
where x and b are greater than zero (x ˃ 0 and
b ˃ 0) and b is not equal to one (b ≠ 1)
 •
Logarithmic functions also has many applications in
real life. It is used in measuring the strength or the
magnitude of an earthquake in the field of
seismology. The earthquake’s strength is measured
on a logarithmic scale which is known as Richter
Scale. The Richter scale has an equation of
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
Where A is the measure of the amplitude of the
earthquake wave taken 100 km from the epicenter of
the earthquake and 𝐴o is the amplitude of the smallest
detectable wave also called the standard wave whose
amplitude is 1 micron = 10-4 cm.
 Forexample, a mild earthquake have 10,000 times the ground
motion of the standard detectable intensity used to measure the
earth’s vibration. It would be reflected in the scale as

𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log 10000

When solved, log 10000 = 4 , it means that the intensity of the


earthquake is 4 based on Richter Scale.

The unit decibel which is used in measuring sound is also a


logarithmic scale: 𝑑 = 10 log

The pH of the liquid or also called the measure of its acidity also
used a logarithmic formula: pH = -log[H +]
Logarithmic Equation- an equation involving
logarithms of expression containing a variable.

Exponential vs. Logarithmic


The conversion of exponential equation to logarithmic
equation.

Exponential form Logarithmic Form


32=9 𝑙𝑜𝑔39 = 2
2𝑥 = 32 𝑙𝑜𝑔232 = x

16-𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔16= -x
Logarithm of a Number – described as 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑁 = 𝑥 if
and only if 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑁. It means that the logarithm of a
number to a certain base is the exponent of the
base used to produce the number.
 
Example 1: Evaluate the logarithmic equations below.

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔216 = 𝑥 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔33 = x

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔101000 = 𝑥 4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥243 = 5
Solution:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔216 = 𝑥 transform into exponential equation
2𝑥 = 16 follow the process in solving exponential
equations(make the base the same)
2𝑥 = 2 4
𝑥=4
Therefore, the value of x in 𝑙𝑜𝑔216 = 𝑥 is 4
 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3=x3
3𝑥 = 3
3𝑥 = 3(3 1/2)
3𝑥 = 3 3/2
𝑥=

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔101000 = 𝑥
10 𝑥 = 1000
10 𝑥 = 103
𝑥=3
 

4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥243 = 5
𝑥5 = 243 since it is not possible to make the two
bases of the equation the same, rewrite the other side of
the equation to make the exponents equal then solve for
the value of x which will make the bases equal.
𝑥5 = 35
𝑥=3
or , 𝑥 = = 3
Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑁 if and only if M =N and b is a


positive real number not equal to one.
Example: Solve the following logarithmic
equation below.

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(𝑥 − 3)

2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(3𝑥 + 1)
Solution:

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = −3 − 1
𝑥 = −4

Solution Set: {−𝟒}


Solution:

2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 + 3 = 3𝑥 + 1
3 − 1 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥
2 = 2𝑥
𝑥=1
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
1st Law:

i. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏
ii. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎
iii. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 1
For any base b,
i. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏
Example:
ii. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎
Example:
𝑙𝑜𝑔51 = 0
iii. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 1

Example:
𝑙𝑜𝑔552 = 2
2nd Law: Logarithm of Products

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑵


Example 1: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔33𝑥𝑦 as a sum of simpler
logarithms
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔33𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔33 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑦

Example 2: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔27𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔22𝑦 as a single


logarithm
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔27𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔22𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(7𝑥)(2𝑦)
 

3rd Law: Logarithm of Quotients

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃


 
Example 1: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 as a sum or
difference of a simpler logarithm
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔520 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔53
 
Example 2: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 as a sum or
difference of a simpler logarithm

𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔35𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3


= 𝑙𝑜𝑔35 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑧 simplifying
𝑙𝑜𝑔35𝑥𝑦 based from the 2nd Law
 
Example 3: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔23 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑥 as a
single logarithm

𝑙𝑜𝑔25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔23 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑥


= 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
4th Law: Logarithm of Power

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴𝒂 = 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴
Example 1: Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒃(𝑥 + 5)2(5𝑥) as a sum or
difference of logarithms.
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒃(𝑥 + 5)2(5𝑥)
=2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒃 (𝑥 + 5) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒃5 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝒃𝑥
Applying Laws of Logarithms
Evaluating logarithmic expressions using the
Laws of Logarithms:

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔232
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔232 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔225
= 5𝑙𝑜𝑔22 4th Law
= 5(1) 1stLaw
=5
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔327 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔216 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔55

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔333 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔224 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔55 Transform each term
into ax form
= 3𝑙𝑜𝑔33 − 4𝑙𝑜𝑔22 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔55 4th Law
= 3(1) – 4(1) + (1) 1st Law
=3–4+1
=0
 
Solving logarithmic equations

Example : 𝑙𝑜𝑔327 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔32𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔381


𝑙𝑜𝑔32𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔381 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔327 All terms having
a variable will be transferred to the other
side of the equation
𝑙𝑜𝑔32𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
2𝑥 =
𝑥=
Solution Set : { }
Logarithmic Inequality – an inequality involving
logarithmic expressions.

Example: Solving logarithmic inequality


1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔316 < 2𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔316 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔3𝑥2
16 < 𝑥2
𝑥2 ˃ 16
𝑥 < 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −4
But x ˃ 0 thus, the solution set is {𝑥/0 < 𝑥 < 4}
 
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(3𝑥 − 2) > 4
24 > 3𝑥 − 2
16 > 3𝑥 − 2
16+2 ˃ 3x
18 ˃ 3x
𝑥<
Common Logarithm and Natural Logarithm
Common Logarithm- A logarithm with a base 10
log 𝑁 = 𝑥 is the same as 𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑁 = 𝑥

Example: Find the value of x in the equation


𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 = 𝑥
Solution: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 = 𝑥 is the same as 𝑙𝑜𝑔101000 = 𝑥
Transform into exponential equation: 10 𝑥 = 1000
10 𝑥 = 103
𝑥=3
Natural Logarithm- it is also called base e
logarithm, the irrational number e has an
approximate value of 2.7182818. . .

Properties of Natural Logarithm:


i. 𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥
ii. ln𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥
Example:
1. 𝑒1𝑛10 = 10
2. 𝑙𝑛𝑥+1 = 𝑥 + 1
Solve for x:
𝑒1𝑛(3𝑥−1) = 23
Solution:
𝑒1𝑛(3𝑥−1) = 23
3𝑥 − 1 = 23
3𝑥 = 23 + 1
3𝑥 = 24
𝑥=8
 
Change –of-base Theorem

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 =
For a, b, and x are positive real numbers and a
and b are not equal to zero.
 
Example: Solve for x
1. 5 3𝑥−1= 12
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔512 = 3𝑥 − 1 Logarithmic Function
3𝑥 − 1 = Change of base theorem
3𝑥 − 1 = Solving common logarithm
using calculator
3𝑥 − 1 = 2.262
3𝑥 = 2.262+1
3𝑥 = 3.262
x = 1.087

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