Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
48 views

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Land surveying involves measuring distances, directions, and elevations on the Earth's surface to determine the position and dimensions of natural and human-made features. It includes activities like preparing maps and plans, setting out construction projects, and computing areas and volumes. Surveys are classified based on their scope (plane or geodetic), purpose (cadastral, engineering, etc.), techniques used (traversing, triangulation), and instruments employed (theodolite, GPS, etc.). Accuracy and precision are important concepts, and surveys aim to minimize errors from various sources through independent checks and following standard procedures. A variety of instruments are used for different surveying tasks.

Uploaded by

amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Land surveying involves measuring distances, directions, and elevations on the Earth's surface to determine the position and dimensions of natural and human-made features. It includes activities like preparing maps and plans, setting out construction projects, and computing areas and volumes. Surveys are classified based on their scope (plane or geodetic), purpose (cadastral, engineering, etc.), techniques used (traversing, triangulation), and instruments employed (theodolite, GPS, etc.). Accuracy and precision are important concepts, and surveys aim to minimize errors from various sources through independent checks and following standard procedures. A variety of instruments are used for different surveying tasks.

Uploaded by

amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Land Surveying Definitions

 Land surveying is the science of determining the


dimensions and shape of natural or man made features
or three dimensional characteristics of the earth surface
by measurements of distance, directions and elevations.
 Land surveying is the art of making such measurement
of relative positions of points on the surface of the
earth, drawing them to scale whether natural or
artificial features.
 Land surveying is also the art and science of making
field measurements on or near the surface of the
earth’s. Survey field measurements include horizontal,
slope, and vertical distance and also horizontal and
vertical angles.

Engineering Survey - ECG405


Objectives of Surveying

 Preparation of maps, plans, sections etc


the determination of relative positions of natural and artificial
features on the earth surface, so that correctly represented on
maps, plans or sections.
 Setting out
is the process to transfer information from plan to the ground
using surveying instruments.
 Computation areas and volumes
the execution of calculations for land areas, earthworks volume
are based on field measurements or measurement exstracted
from maps, plans and sections.

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Surveying Classification

 Plane Surveying
Where surveys cover such a small parts of the earth’s surface
that the curvature of the earth can be ignored, then the
operations are termed plane surveying.

 Geodetic Surveying
Where measurements cover such a large part of the earth
surface like the whole country or continental, that the curvature
of the earth cannot be ignored, then the operation termed
geodetic surveying.

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Types of surveys

Cadastral/Title Engineering Geodetic

Topographical Land Surveying Hydrographic

GIS
Photogrammetry

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Classification according to the techniques used

 Off-set survey
 Traverse survey
 Tacheometry survey
 Triangulation
 Trilateration
 Air survey or photogrammetry

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Classification by the instrument used

 Theodolite survey
 Compass survey
 Chain survey
 Tapes survey
 GPS survey
 Plane table survey

Engineering Survey – ECG405


4 Basic Principles of Survey

Line ties Off-set


A
A

D
C
C

Traverse Intersection & Resection


A A

C
B C
θ

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Errors in surveying
 Sources of errors
i. Natural or nature eg. Temperature, air pressure, humidity,
winds
ii. Instrumental eg. Chain used is not standard whether longer
or shorter than the standard
iii. Personal or human being eg. Wrong reading 88 instead of
58, wrong writing, wrong calculation

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Three types of errors
 Mistakes (blunders or gross errors)
-cause by human being or surveyor
-mistakes can happen at early stage, middle or at the end of
the survey
-anybody can do mistakes, boys or girls, young or old,
professional or not professional.
-to overcome mistakes, check the reading, read more than one
time, read by another person

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Three types of errors(cont…)
 Systematic or cumulative error
-due to the instrument used not standard
-consistent characteristic
-value of the error can be determined
-these error can be eliminated by applying correction
 Random or accidental error
-cause by different capabilities of the instrument used and the
surveyor
-the remaining error after all mistakes and systematic errors
eliminated is call random
-these error are small, and they cannot be eliminated

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Characteristic of random errors
 Small error occur more often than large one
 Positive and negative error are equally alike
 Very large error seldom occur
 The distribution of the errors approximate closely to the normal
distribution curve
 Examples:
 1/8000 for linear accuracy ratio
 1’ 10” for angular mis-closure

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Accuracy and Precision
 Accuracy
Is the relationship between the value of a measurement and the
true value of dimension being measured
The accuracy ratio of a measurement or series of
measurements is the ratio of error to the overall value of
measurement, expressed as with a fraction with a numerator of
1 and a denominator rounded to the closest 100 units. Example,
an error of 0.01 ft in 30 ft would result in an accuracy ratio of
1 : 3000
 Precision
Is the refinement of the measuring process and the ability to
repeat the same measurement with consistently small variations
in the measurements

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Relationship between Accuracy and Precision

Sight Aligned Sight Misalinged


(high Accuracy) (Low Accuracy)

Shortgun
(Low Precision)

Rifle
(High Precision)

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Guideline to carry-out survey work
 Control – each survey should be provided with an accurate
control framework, normally the lower order being fitted to
control framework with higher order
 Economical – the accuracy aimed should be appropriate to the
needs of the particular task. As a general rule, the higher the
accuracy then the higher the cost
 Independent check – every survey operation should either be
self checking or independent check
 Field data – the results of a survey should be write follow
survey regulation and field documents should be kept for future
use

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Ordinary Tape
Fiberglass Tape

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Compass

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Survey Chain

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Precise Level Instrument Rotating Laser Instrument

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Automatic Level

Theodolite

Engineering Survey – ECG405


Some Survey Instruments

Doing Survey Work

Engineering Survey – ECG405

You might also like