Engineering Survey

BCV302
 Course outcomes (Course Skill Set):
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
• Summarize various types of surveying and carry out
distance measurement using various equipment’s .
• Illustrate the use and applications of levelling and
theodolite .
• Plot contours, longitudinal and cross sections for
construction projects.
• Set curves for construction works and carry out estimation
of areas and volumes.
• Demonstrate the necessary skills to carry out GPS and
DRONE Surveying
 MODULE 1
• Engineering surveying – Definition & importance of surveying for
Civil Engineers. Surveying types- Control survey, Topographical
surveying, Construction Survey, Cadastral survey, Hydrographic
survey and Underground Survey. Surveying through the ages-
Chain surveying, Compass surveying and Plane Table Surveying
(concepts and limitations only).
• Measurement of Distance- Various types of tapes, Laser distance
meter, Distance measuring wheel, Electronic Distance
measurement, GPS.
 Surveying
• “Surveying is the art of and science of
determining the relative positions of various
points or stations on the surface of the earth
by measuring the horizontal and vertical
distances, angles, and taking the details of
these points and by preparing a map or plan
to any suitable scale.”
 Objective of Surveying
• The object of surveying is to prepare a map or
plan to show the relative positions of the
objects on the surface of the earth. The map or
plan is drawn to some suitable scale. It also
shows boundaries of districts, states, and
countries too. It also includes details of
different engineering features such as
buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
Objective of Surveying
Objective of Surveying
Objective of Surveying
Objective of Surveying
 Uses of Surveying
• The surveying may be used for following purposes:
• To prepare a topographical map which shows hills,
valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
• To prepare a cadastral map which shows the
boundaries of fields, plots, houses and other
properties..
• To prepare an engineering map which shows the
position of engineering works such as buildings,
roads, railways, dams, canals.
 Uses of Surveying
• To prepare a contour map to know the
topography of the area to find out the best
possible site for roads, railways, bridges,
reservoirs, canals, etc.
• Surveying is also used to prepare military
map, geological map, archaeological map etc.
• For setting out work and transferring details
from the map on the ground.
 Plan and Maps
• One of the basic objective of surveying is to
prepare plans and maps.
• Plan
• A plan is the graphical representation to some
scale, of the features on, near or below the surface
of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
• The horizontal plane is represented by plane of
drawing sheets on which the plan is drawn to
some scale
• A plan is drawn on a relatively large scale.
 Plan and Maps
• Map
• If the scale of the graphical projection on a
horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a map.
• Thus graphical representation is called a plan if the
scale is large while it is called a map if the scale is
small.
• On plan, generally only horizontal distances and
directions or angles are shown. On topographical
map, however the vertical distances (elevations) are
also represented by contour lines.
Plan
Map
Topographical Maps
Cadastral Map
Engineering Map
Contour Map
Military Map
Geological Map
Archaeological Map
Setting Out Work
 Primary Divisions of Surveying
• We know that the shape of the earth is
spheroidal. Thus the surface is obviously
curved. Surveying is primarily divided into
two types considering the curvature of the
earth’s surface.
• Plane Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying
 Primary Divisions of Surveying
• Plain Surveying
• The plain surveying is that type of surveying in which
earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature
of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a line joining
any two stations is considered to be straight. The
triangle formed by any three points is considered as a
plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are
considered as plain angles.
• Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250
km2 . It is carried out by local or state agencies like R & B
department, Irrigation department, Railway department.
Plain Surveying
 Primary Divisions of Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying
• The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in
which the curvature of the earth is taken into
account. It is generally extended over larger areas.
The line joining any two stations is considered as
curved line. The triangle formed by any three points
is considered to be spherical and the angles of the
triangle are considered to be spherical angles.
Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of
India Department and is carried out for a larger
area exceeding 250 km2
Geodetic Surveying
Geodetic Surveying
 Plain Surveying Vs Geodetic Surveying
No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface. Curved Surface.

2. The Curvature of the earth is The curvature of earth is taken into

ignored account.
3 Line joining any two stations is The line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight considered as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three The Triangle formed by any three points
points is considered as plain is considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are The angles of the triangle are considered
considered as plain angles. as spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < Carried out for a small area > 250 km2
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying
• Two basic principles of surveying are:
• Always work from whole to the part, and
• To locate a new station by at least two
measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed
reference points.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

Always work from whole to the part:

• According to the first principle, the whole
survey area is first enclosed by main stations
(i.e.. Control stations) and main survey lines.
The area is then divided into a number of
divisions by forming well conditioned
triangles.
Work from Whole to the Part
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying
• The main survey lines are measured very
accurately with precise survey instruments.
The remaining sides of the triangle are
measured. The purpose of this method of
working is to control accumulation of errors.
During measurement, if there is any error,
then it will not affect the whole work, but if
the reverse process is followed then the minor
error in measurement will be magnified.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying
• To locate a new station by at least two
measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed
reference points.
• According to the second principle the points are
located by linear or angular measurement or by
both in surveying. If two control points are
established first, then a new station can be
located by linear measurement. Let A & B are
control points, a new point C can be established.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying
• Following are the methods of locating point C from
such reference points A & B.
• The distance AB can be measured accurately and the
relative positions of the point can be then plotted on
the sheet to some scale.
• (a) Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.
• (b) Taking linear measurement of perpendicular
from D to C.
• (c) Taking one linear measurement from B and one
angular measurement as ∕ ABC
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying
• Taking two angular measurement at A & B as
angles / CAB and / ABC.
• Taking one angle at B as / ABC and one linear
measurement from A as AC.
Fundamental Principles of Surveying
 Classification of Surveying
• Survey can be classified into various categories
depending on methods used and nature of the
field.
• Classification Based on Instruments.
• Chain Survey:
• This is the simplest type of surveying in which
only linear measurements are made with a
chain or a tape. Angular measurements are not
taken.
Chain Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Compass Survey:
• In Compass Survey, the angles are measured
with the help of a magnetic compass.
• Chain and compass survey:
• In this survey linear measurements are made
with a chain or a tape and angular
measurements with a compass.
Compass Survey
Compass Survey
Compass Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Plane Table Surveying
• It is a graphical method of surveying in which
field works and plotting both are done
simultaneously.
• Theodolite Survey:
• In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are
measured with the theodolite more precisely
than compass and the linear measurements are
made with a chain or tape.
Plane Table Surveying
Plane Table Surveying
Plane Table Surveying
Theodolite Survey
Theodolite Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Tachometry Survey:
• A special type of theodolite known as
tachometer is used to determine horizontal and
vertical distances indirectly.
• Leveling Survey:
• This type of survey is used to determine the
vertical distances (elevations) and relative
heights of points with the help of an
instrument known as level.
Tachometry Survey
Tachometry Survey
Tachometry Survey
Leveling Survey
Leveling Survey
Leveling Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Photogrammetric Survey:
• Photogrammetry is the science of taking
measurements with the help of photographs
taken by aerial camera from the air craft.
• EDM Survey:
• In this type of survey all measurements
( length, angles, co-ordinates) are made with
the help of EDM instrument ( i.e.. Total
Station).
Photogrammetric Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
EDM Survey
EDM Survey
EDM Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Classification Based on methods.
• Triangulation:
• Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the
area to be surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted. The
entire area is divided into network of triangles.
• Traversing:
• A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open or
closed. When the linear measurements are done with a
chain and a tape and the directions or horizontal angles
are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively
the survey is called traversing.
Triangulation
Traversing
 Classification of Surveying
• Classification based on Purpose
• Geological Survey:
• In this both surface and subsurface surveying
are conducted to locate different minerals and
rocks. In addition, geological features of the
terrain such as folds and faults are located.
 Geological Survey
Geological Maps

Hydrological Maps
 Classification of Surveying
• Mine Survey
• Mine Survey includes include both surface
and underground surveys. It is conducted for
the exploration of mineral deposits and to
guide tunneling and other operations
associated with mining.
Mine Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Archaeological Survey
• It is conducted to locate relics of antiquity,
civilization, kingdoms, forts, temples, etc.

• Military Survey
• It has a very important and critical applications
in the military. Aerial surveys are conducted for
this purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic
positions for the purpose of army operations.
Archaeological Survey
Military Survey
 Classification of Surveying
• Classification based on Nature of field
• Land Survey
• Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and
maps of a given area. Topographical, city and
cadastral surveys are some of the examples of land
surveying.
• Hydrological Surveying
• This survey is conducted on or near the body of
water such as lake, river, coastal area. This Survey
consists of locating shore lines of water bodies.
Land Survey
 Hydrological Surveying

Hydrological Maps
Hydrological Maps
 Classification of Surveying
• Astronomical Survey
• This survey is conducted for the determining of
latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time, etc. for
various places on earth by observing heavenly
bodies ( sun or the stars).
• Aerial Survey
• An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft. Aerial
cameras take photographs of the surface of the
earth in overlapping strips of land. This is also
known as photographic survey.
Astronomical Survey
Astronomical Survey
Astronomical Survey
Aerial Survey
Plan
Map
 Plan and Maps
• Scale
• It is basic requirement for the preparation of
plan or map Scale is used to represent large
distances on paper. The ratio by which the
actual length of the object is reduced or
increased in the drawing is known as the ‘Scale’
for example., if 1 cm on a map represents a
distance of 10 metres on the ground, the scale
of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.
Scale
Scale
 Representative Fraction
• The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the
corresponding actual length of the object on
the ground is known as the representative
fractions. i.e..
• R.F= Distance of the Object on Drawing
Corresponding Actual distance of object on Ground
Both the distances are in same unit.
 Representative Fraction
• For example,
• If a scale is
• 1 cm = 10 m
• R.F. = 1 = 1 or 1: 1000
• 10 x 100 1000
 Representative Fraction
• For example,
• If a scale is
• 1 cm = 100 m
• R.F. = 1 = 1 or 1: 10000
100 x 100 10000
 Representative Fraction
• For example,
• If a scale is
• 1 cm = 1000 m or 1 km
• R.F. = 1 = 1 or 1: 100000
1 x 1000x 100 100000
Representative Fraction
 Graphical Representation of Scale
• Graphical representation of scale on maps has
the advantage that if the paper shrinks, the
scale will also shrink accordingly and the
distance representation will not be disturbed.
 Types of Scales
• (a) Plain Scale
• (b) Diagonal Scale
• (c) Chord Scale
• (d) Vernier Scale
 Types of Scales
• Plain Scale
• The plain Scale is the most commonly used in
maps, this scale is used to represent two
successive units, such as tenths, metres,
decimetres, etc.
Plain Scale
 Types of Scales
• Diagonal Scale
• Using a diagonal scale, one can measure three
dimensions such as “ Units, tenths and
hundredths”, i.e. metre, decimeter, and
centimetres, and so on.
Diagonal Scale
Diagonal Scale
 Types of Scales
• Chord Scale
• A scale of chord is used to measure or to set
off angles. It is marked either on rectangular
or on an ordinary wooden scale.
Chord Scale
 Types of Scales
• Vernier Scale
• In 1631, Pierre Vernier invented a device for
the purpose of measuring a fractional part of
a graduated scale. It consists of two
approximating scales, one of them is fixed
and is called the primary scale. The other
movable and is called the vernier.
Vernier Scale
Vernier Scale
 Choice of Scale of a Map
• Scale of a map is the ratio of the distance
drawn on the map to the corresponding
distance on the ground. As the area involved
are rather large, it is essential to select a
suitable scale for representing the area on a
map. Selection of the scale depends upon the
purpose, size and the required precision of
plotting.
 Choice of Scale of a Map
• Scales are generally classified as large,
medium and small as under.
• Large Scale: 1 cm= 10 m or less than 10 m
• Medium Scale: 1 cm = 10 m to 100 m
• Small Scale: 1 cm= 100 or more than 100 m
 Choice of Scale of a Map
• For most of engineering projects, the scale
varies from 1 cm = 2.5 m to 100 m Small
scale topographical maps are usually drawn
to scale 1 cm = 1 km, a scale of 1 cm= 5 m to
50 m is generally used for plans prepared for
subdivisions of land.
Choice of Scale of a Map
Errors
Three main Sources :
• Instrumental Error
• Personal Error
• Natural Error
Types of Errors
• Mistakes
• Accidental Errors
• Systematic Errors or Cumulative Errors
• Compensating Errors.
Mistakes
• Arise from inattention, inexperience,
carelessness and poor judgment.

Eg:1. Erroneous recording: writing 69 in place of

96.
2. Counting mistakes
3. Forgetting once chain length
4. Mistakes in using a calculator.
Accidental Error
• Unavoidable circumstances like variations in
atmospheric conditions.
 Systematic or Cumulative Errors
• It follows some definite mathematical or
physical law and correction.
• Arise due to
i) Variation of temperature, humidity, pressure,
current velocity, curvature, refraction etc.
ii) Faulty setting and improper leveling of any
instrument and personal vision of an
individual.
Compensating Error
• Error tends to occur in both direction.
Eg: i)The discrepancy between chain and tape
measurements when both are used
simultaneously .
ii) Inaccuracy in marking chain lengths on the
ground.
iii) Inaccurate centering
iv) Inaccurate bisection of an object.
 Accuracy & Precision
• Accuracy denotes the closeness of a
measurement to its true value.
• Precision of a measurement denotes its
closeness to another measurement of the same
quantity.