Direct Current Circuit Analysis
Direct Current Circuit Analysis
TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)
By:
DR SITI NOORAYA MOHD TAWIL
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
1
Chapter 3(a):
Direct Current Circuits
Analysis
2
Lecture Contents
Basic Law
4
Nodes, Branches and Loops
A branch:
a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor
represents any two-terminal element
5
How many branches exist in this circuit?
A: 5 branches
6
Cont…
A node:
the point of connection between two or
more branches.
usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
7
How many nodes exist in this circuit?
A: 3 nodes
8
Cont…
A loop:
any closed path in circuit
9
3.2 Kirchoff’s
Laws
10
Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed loop
boundary) is zero.
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.
Mathematically, KCL implies that
NN
……..( Eq. 3.1)
iinn 00
n 1
n 1
where,
in= nth current entering (or leaving) the node
N= number of branches connected to the node
*Hukum Arus Kirchoff
11
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
II
entering
entering
II leaving
leaving ……..( Eq. 3.2 )
I6
I1
I5 I2
I4
I3
I1 - I2 - I3 + I4 - I5 + 16=0 @ I1 + I4 + 16 = I2 + I3 +I5
NN
VV 00
nn11
nn
……..( Eq. 3.3 )
Where,
Vn= the nth voltage
N= number or voltages in the loop
+
+ V1 -
R2 V2
E1 -
E2
- V3 +
R3
E1 – V1 – V2 – E2 – V3 = 0 @ E1 – E2 = V1 + V2 + V3
14
Example 3.1a
Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.
15
Solution 3.1a
-v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 + v5 = 0
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4
16
Example 3.1b
Write the KVL equation for the following circuit.
17
Solution 3.1b
-V5 + V4 – V3 – V2 + V1 = 0
v1 + v4 = v2 + v3 + v5
18
Example 3.2
For the following circuit, find voltages v1 and v2.
2
v1
v2 3
20 V i
19
Solution 3.2
From Ohm’s Law, v1 = iR = i x 2 = 2i
v2 = iR = i x 3 = 3i
2
From KVL , 20 = v1 +v2 v1
20 = 2i +3i 20 V
v2 3
20 = 5i i
i=4A
So, v1 = iR = 4 x 2 = 8 V
v2 = iR = 4 x 3 =12 V
21
Solution 3.3
22
Example 3.4
Given that the power dissipated by
Resistor R1 is 4W. Find the value of Rx.
23
Solution 3.4
24
3.3 Series Resistors
and
Voltage Division
25
Series circuit
A series circuit is a circuit which provides only
one path for current to flow between two points
in a circuit so that the current is the same
through each series component.
Total Resistance
The total resistance of a series circuit
26
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
27
R1 R2 R3 RN Rseries
+ V 1 - + V2 - + V 3 - + VN - +V-
Vs Vs
(a) (b)
Figure (a) Series circuit (b) Equivalent circuit
Voltage,
Voltage, vv11 == iR
iR1,1, vv22 == iR
iR22 ……..( Eq. 3.6)
28
Voltage Divider Rules
Voltage drop across any of the
resistors can be written as follows:
+
……..( Eq. 3.7) R1 V1
Vxx
V IRIRxx -
xx
11,,22,,33,,44 + V2
Substituting VS/RT for I results in + R2
-
Vs I
VVSS ) R - +
V (
Vxx ( ) Rxx ……..( Eq. 3.8) R3 V3
RRTT -
+
Rearranging terms yields R4 V
- 4
R
Rxx )V
V (
Vxx ( )VSS
R
RTT ……..( Eq. 3.9)
Voltage –divider formula
29
Example 3.5
Find v1 and v2 in the circuit below.
3 kΩ
+ V1 -
+
V=24V 9kΩ
V2
30
Solution 3.5
3 kΩ
Based on KVL,
v = v1 +v2 + V1 -
= (12k) i
So, i = 24/(12k) = 2 (mA)
By using i value,
v1 = iR1 =2m x 3k = 6 V
v2 = iR2 =2m x 9k = 18 V
Check! KVL: 24V =( 6+18 )V =24 V
31
Example 3.6
Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in the
voltage divider in figure below .
V1 +
R1=100Ω
-
+
Vs + V2 R2=220Ω
I -
100V -
+
V3 - R3=680Ω
32
Solution 3.6
R1 100 +
V1 R1=100Ω
V1 VS ( )100 10V -
RT 1000 +
+ V2 R2=220Ω
R2 220 Vs I -
V2 VS ( )100 22V 100V- +
RT 1000 V3 R =680Ω
- 3
R3 680
V3 VS ( )100 68V
RT 1000
Check! KVL: 100V =( 10+22+68 )V =100V
33
3.4 Parallel
Resistors
and Current Division
34
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
I I Rparallel
I1 I2 IN +V-
+ + +
Vs V1 R1 V R2 VN RN Vs
2
- - -
(a) (b)
35
Current,(I)
Current,(I) II11
II22
II33 ...
... IINN (A)
(A) …..( Eq. 3.10)
11 11 11 11 11 11
... ... (Ω) (Ω) …..( Eq. 3.11)
RRTT RRequivalent
equivalent
RR11 RR22 RR33 RRNN
11
11 11 11 11
RRTT ... ... (Ω)(Ω) …..( Eq. 3.12)
RR11 RR22 RR33 RRNN
V
V V11
V VV22
V ,...,
V33,..., V
VNN
(V)
(V) …..( Eq. 3.13)
36
Example 3.7
For the following circuit, find;
IT
each resistor
(d) Power for each element
and total circuit power
(e) Power supplied by the source
37
Solution 3.7
a)Equivalent resistance
1 1 1 2 1 3
IT
RT 5 10 10 10
I1 I2
10
RT 3.33 + +
3 30 V V1 5Ω V2
10 Ω
b)Total current - -
V I T RT
10
30 I T ( )
3
3
I T 30 ( ) 9 A
10
38
Solution 3.7(cont.)
c)Currentsthrougheachresistor
V IT
V IR I
R
I1 I2
V 30
I1 6A + +
R1 5 V1 V2
30 V 5Ω 10 Ω
V 30 - -
I2 3A
R2 10
CHECK :
I T I1 I 2
9 A (6 3) A 9 A
39
Solution 3.7(cont.)
d)Power for each element and total circuit power
P IV IT
P I V 6 30 180W
1 1 I1 I2
P I V 3 30 90W + +
2 2
V1 V2
e)Power supplied by the source 30 V 5Ω 10 Ω
- -
P I V 9 30 270W
T T
CHECK :
P P P
T 1 2
270W (180 90)W 270W
40
Current Divider Rules
Current Divider formula for 2 branches
The formula for total resistance
I
of 2 parallel branches,
I1 I2
RR1 RR2 …..( Eq. 3.14)
RRT 1 2 + +
T RR1 RR2 V1 R1 V2 R2
1 2 VS
- -
From Ohm’s Law,
42
Current Divider Rules
General Current Divider formula for any number of branches
Substituting R1R2/(R1+R2) for
RT and canceling result in I
I1 I2
RR11RR22 RR11RR22 + +
VS V1 R1 V2 R2
R R R R
II1 R11 R22 IIT ,, II2 R11 R22 IIT - -
1
RR11 T 2
RR22 T
Therefore, current divider formula for 2 branches are :
RR2 RR1
II11 2 IITT,, II22 1 IITT …..( Eq. 3.18)
RR11RR22 RR11RR22
Current–divider formula
43
Example 3.8
For the following circuit, find current for
each element using current divider rules.
I
I1 I2
+ +
12 V V1 V2
15 Ω 30 Ω
- -
44
Solution 3.8 I
1/Rall = 1/R1 +1/R2 I2
I1
= (R1 + R2)/(R1R2) 12 V
+ +
V1 15 Ω V2 30 Ω
- -
Rall = (R1R2)/(R1+R2)
= (15 x 30)/ (15 +30) Check!
= 450/45 = 10 Ω Vall=IRall I=Vall/Rall
I=12/10=1.2 A
Vall = V1 =V2 = 12V I entering I leaving
KCL:
I1 = V1/R1 = 12/15 = 0.8 A I = I1 + I 2
I2 = V2/R2 = 12/30 = 0.4 A 1.2 A= (0.8 +0.4)A =1.2 A
45
3.5 Series and
Parallel Resistors
46
Combinational Series and Parallel Circuits
47
Example 3.9
Vs R4 R5 R7
48
Solution 3.9 (i)Rx
(i) Series resistors, Rx =R1+R2 +R3 R R2 R3 R6
(ii)R
y
1
10
a
80
60 20 30
b
A: Rab = 16 Ω
50
3.6 Wye-Delta
Transformations
51
DELTA – WYE transformation
a
RR11R
R22
R
Raa
Ra R11R
R R22 RR33
R1 R2
R
R 22R
R
R
Rbb
33
Rc Rb R11R
R R22 RR33
RR11R
R33
b
R3 R
Rcc
R11R
R R22 R
R33
c
( Eq. 3.19)
52
WYE - DELTA transformation
a
RRaaRRcc
Ra RR11RRaa RRcc
R1 R2 RRbb
RRaaRRbb
Rc Rb RR22 RRaa RRbb
RRcc
b
RRbbRRcc
R3 RR33 RRbb RRcc
RRaa
c
( Eq. 3.20)
53
WYE - DELTA transformation
a
RRa RRb RRb RRc RRc RRa
RR1 a b b c c a
Ra
1 RRb
b
R1 R2
RRa RRb RRb RRc RRc RRa
RR22 a b b c c a
RRc
c
Rc Rb
RRaaRRbb RRbbRRcc RRccRRaa
RR33
b RRaa
R3
c
( Eq. 3.21)
54
Example 3.11
Find the equivalent resistance.
20kΩ a
6kΩ 18kΩ
12kΩ
b c
12kΩ 12kΩ
d
55
Solution 3.11
a
20kΩ 20kΩ
a
Ra
6kΩ 18kΩ
12kΩ Rb Rc
b c
b c
12kΩ 12kΩ
12kΩ 12kΩ
d
d
56
Solution 3.11 (cont.)
(6k)(18k)
: Ra 3k
6k 18k 12k
(6k)(12k)
Rb 2k
6k 18k 12k
(12k)(18k)
Rc 6k
6k 18k 12k
R parallel ( Rb 12k ) //( Rc 12k ) 7.875k
Rall (20k Ra R parallel ) 30.875k
57
Exercise 3.2
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b for
the circuit below.
a
10 20
30
10
10 20
b
58