Angle Modulation: Professor Z Ghassemlooy

Angle Modulation
Professor Z Ghassemlooy
Electronics & IT Division

Scholl of Engineering
Sheffield Hallam University
U.K.
www.shu.ac.uk/ocr
Z. Ghassemlooy
Contents
 Properties of Angle (exponential) Modulation

 Types
– Phase Modulation
– Frequency Modulation
 Line Spectrum & Phase Diagram
 Implementation
 Power
Z. Ghassemlooy
Properties
 Linear CW Modulation (AM):

– Modulated spectrum is translated message spectrum
– Bandwidth  message bandwidth
– SNRo at the output can be improved only by increasing
the transmitted power
 Angle Modulation: A non-linear process:-

– Modulated spectrum is not simply related to the
message spectrum
– Bandwidth >>message bandwidth. This results in
improved SNRo without increasing the transmitted
power
Z. Ghassemlooy
Basic Concept
 First introduced in 1931
A sinusoidal carrier signal is defined as: c(t )  Ec cos [c t  c (t )]

For un-modulated carrier signal the total instantaneous angle
is:
c (t )  ct  c (t )
Thus one can express c(t) c(t )  E c cos  c (t )  E c Re [e jc (t ) ]

as:
Thus:
• Varying the frequency fc  Frequency modulation
• Varying the phase c  Phase modulation
Z. Ghassemlooy
Basic Concept - Cont’d.
 In angle modulation: Amplitude is constant, but angle

varies (increases linearly) with time
c(t)
(red) Frequency-modulated Unmodulated
angle carrier
Unmodulated 47/2
carrier 35/2
Phase-modulated
Amplitude 23/2 angle
Ec 11/2
Slope = c/t -/2
Initial t
phase c 0 1 2 3 4 (ms)
t=0 t
2 m(t)
0
-1
Z. Ghassemlooy
Phase Modulation (PM)
PM is defined If c (t )  m(t )  K p m(t ) K p  180 0
Thus c(t ) PM  Ec cos [c t  K p m(t )]
Where Kp is known as the phase modulation index
Instantaneous phase i (t )  K p m(t )

i(t)
Ec
Instantaneous frequency
c(t)
c(t)
dc (t ) 
c(t) i (t )   c  c (t )
dt
Rotating Phasor diagram
Z. Ghassemlooy
Frequency Modulation (FM)
The instantaneous frequency is; i (t )  c  K f m(t )
Where Kf is known as the frequency deviation (or frequency modulation index).

Note: Kf < fc to make sure that f(t) >0.
 Instantaneous phase
Note that c (t )  K f m(t )
 t
Integrating i (t )  c  c (t ) c (t )  c t  K f  m(t ) dt  0
0
t
Substituting c(t) in c(t) results in: c(t ) FM  Ec cos [c t  K f  m(t ) dt ]

0
Z. Ghassemlooy
Waveforms
Z. Ghassemlooy
Important Terms
 Frequency swing f p  p  K f Emp  p
 Carrier Frequency Deviation (peak) f c  f d  K f Em
 Rated System Deviation (i.e. maximum deviation allowed)

75 kHz, FM Radio, (88-108 MHz band)
25 kHz, TV sound broadcast
FD = 5 kHz, 2-way mobile radio
2.5 kHz, 2-way mobile radio
fd
 Percent Modulation m  100%
FD
fd
 Modulation Index  
fm
Z. Ghassemlooy
FM Spectral Analysis
Let modulating signal m(t) = Em cos mt

Substituting it in c(t)FM expression and integrating it results in:
t
Kf
c(t ) FM  Ec cos [c t  K f  m(t ) dt ]  Ec cos [ct  Em sin mt ]
0
m
fd
Since  and f c  f d  K f Em
fm
c(t ) FM  Ec cos [c t   sin mt ]  Ec cos c t cos ( sin mt )  Ec sin c t sin ( sin mt )
the terms cos ( sin mt) and sin ( sin mt) are defined in
trigonometric series, which gives Bessel Function Coefficient as:
Z. Ghassemlooy
Bessel Function Coefficients
cos ( sin x) = J0 () + 2 [J2() cos 2x + J4() cos 4x + ....]

And sin ( sin x) = 2 [J1() sin x + J3() sin 3x + ....]
where Jn() are the coefficient of Bessel function of the 1st kind, of the order n
and argument of .
Z. Ghassemlooy
FM Spectral Analysis - Cont’d.
Substituting the Bessel coefficient results in:

c(t ) FM / Ec  cos c t [ J 0 ()  2 J 2 () cos 2mt  2 J 4 () cos 4mt  ........]
 sin c t[2 J1 () sin mt  2 J 3 () sin 3mt  .........]
Expanding it results in:

c(t ) FM  Ec J 0 () cos c t Carrier signal
 Ec {J1 ()[cos (c  m )t  cos (c  m )t )]
 Ec {J 2 ()[cos (c  2m )t  cos (c  2m )t )]
Side-bands signal
 Ec {J 3 ()[cos (c  3m )t  cos (c  3m )t )] (infinite sets)
 .............................}

n
Since J n () )  1) J n () Then c(t ) FM  Ec  J n () cos (c  nm )t
n  
Z. Ghassemlooy
FM Spectrum
J0()
Side bands
J1()
J4() J2() J2()
J3()
c- 3m J4()
c- 4m c- 2m  c c +  m c+ 3m

J3() c+ 2m c+ 4m
Side bands
Bandwidth (?)
Z. Ghassemlooy
FM Spectrum - cont’d.
• The number of side bands with significant amplitude depend on 

see below
 = 0.5  = 1.0  = 2.5 =4
c c c c
Bandwidth
Most practical FM systems have 2 <  < 10
Generation and transmission of pure FM requires infinite bandwidth,

whether or not the modulating signal is bandlimited. However practical
FM systems do have a finite bandwidth with quite well pwerformance.
Z. Ghassemlooy
FM Bandwidth BFM
 The commonly rule used to determine the bandwidth is:

– Sideband amplitudes < 1% of the un-modulated carrier can be
ignored. Thus Jn()> 0.01
For large values of , BFM = 2nfm= 2fm=2 (fc/ fm).fm = 2 fc
For small values of  , BFM = 2fm For limited

cases
General case: use Carson equation BFM  2(fc + fm)
BFM  2 fm (1 + )
Z. Ghassemlooy

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Angle Modulation

Electronics & IT Division

 Properties of Angle (exponential) Modulation

 Linear CW Modulation (AM):

 Angle Modulation: A non-linear process:-

 First introduced in 1931

A sinusoidal carrier signal is defined as: c(t )  Ec cos [c t  c (t )]

Thus one can express c(t) c(t )  E c cos  c (t )  E c Re [e jc (t ) ]

 In angle modulation: Amplitude is constant, but angle

PM is defined If c (t )  m(t )  K p m(t ) K p  180 0

Thus c(t ) PM  Ec cos [c t  K p m(t )]

Where Kp is known as the phase modulation index

Instantaneous phase i (t )  K p m(t )

The instantaneous frequency is; i (t )  c  K f m(t )

Where Kf is known as the frequency deviation (or frequency modulation index).

Substituting c(t) in c(t) results in: c(t ) FM  Ec cos [c t  K f  m(t ) dt ]

 Frequency swing f p  p  K f Emp  p

 Carrier Frequency Deviation (peak) f c  f d  K f Em

 Rated System Deviation (i.e. maximum deviation allowed)

Let modulating signal m(t) = Em cos mt

cos ( sin x) = J0 () + 2 [J2() cos 2x + J4() cos 4x + ....]

Substituting the Bessel coefficient results in:

Expanding it results in:

c- 4m c- 2m  c c +  m c+ 3m

• The number of side bands with significant amplitude depend on 

 = 0.5  = 1.0  = 2.5 =4

Most practical FM systems have 2 <  < 10

Generation and transmission of pure FM requires infinite bandwidth,

 The commonly rule used to determine the bandwidth is:

For large values of , BFM = 2nfm= 2fm=2 (fc/ fm).fm = 2 fc

For small values of  , BFM = 2fm For limited

General case: use Carson equation BFM  2(fc + fm)

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