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    C Sharp (C#) : Benadir University

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    Abdiraxman Maxamed
    This document provides an overview of decision structures and conditional logic in the C# programming language. It covers topics like if, if-else, nested if statements, logical operators, comparing values, preventing exceptions, and validating user input. The document is from a C# course being taught at Benadir University by Eng. Hassan Abdi Arale.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    C Sharp (C#) : Benadir University

    Uploaded by

    Abdiraxman Maxamed
    26 views30 pages
    This document provides an overview of decision structures and conditional logic in the C# programming language. It covers topics like if, if-else, nested if statements, logical operators, comparing values, preventing exceptions, and validating user input. The document is from a C# course being taught at Benadir University by Eng. Hassan Abdi Arale.

    Original Title

    Chapter 4

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    This document provides an overview of decision structures and conditional logic in the C# programming language. It covers topics like if, if-else, nested if statements, logical operators, comparing values, preventing exceptions, and validating user input. The document is from a C# course being taught at Benadir University by Eng. Hassan Abdi Arale.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views30 pages

    C Sharp (C#) : Benadir University

    Uploaded by

    Abdiraxman Maxamed
    This document provides an overview of decision structures and conditional logic in the C# programming language. It covers topics like if, if-else, nested if statements, logical operators, comparing values, preventing exceptions, and validating user input. The document is from a C# course being taught at Benadir University by Eng. Hassan Abdi Arale.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 30

    C Sharp(C#)

    Course: C#

    Class: Batch13

    Lecturer: Eng. Hassan Abdi Arale (Arale)


    BENADIR UNIVERSITY
    Faculty of Computer Science and IT
    C Sharp(C#)

    Chapter Four

    Making Decisions
    Topics
    • 4.1 Decision Structures and the if Statement
    • 4.2 The if-else Statement
    • 4.3 Nested Decision Structures
    • 4.4 Logical Operators
    • 4.5 bool Variables and Flags
    • 4.6 Comparing Strings
    • 4.7 Preventing Data Conversion Exceptions with the TryParse Method
    • 4.8 Input Validation
    • 4.9 Radio Buttons and CheckBoxes
    • 4.10 The switch Statement
    • 4.11 Introduction to List Boxes
    4.1 Decision Structures
    • A control structure is a logical design that
    controls the order in which statements execute
    • A sequence structure is a set of statements
    that execute in the order that they appear
    • A decision structure execute statements only
    under certain circumstances
    – A specific action is performed only if a certain
    condition exists
    – Also known as a selection structure
    A Simple Decision
    Structure
    • The flowchart is a single-alternative decision
    structure
    • It provides only one alternative path of
    execution
    • In C#, you can use the if statement to write
    True
    such structures. A generic format is: Cold
    outside
    if (expression)
    { Wear a coat
    Statements; False
    Statements;
    etc.;
    }

    • The expression is a Boolean expression that


    can be evaluated as either true or false
    Relational Operators
    • A relational operator determines whether a specific
    relationship exists between two values

    Operator Meaning Expression Meaning

    > Greater than x>y Is x greater than y?

    < Less than x<y Is x less than y?

    >= Greater than or equal to x >= y Is x greater than or equal to y?

    <= Less than or equal to x <= y Is x less than or equal to you?

    == Equal to x == y Is x equal to y?

    != Not equal to x != y Is x not equal to you?


    if Statement with Boolean
    Expression

    if (sales > 50000) sales > True


    { 50000

    bonus = 500; bonus = 500


    } False
    4.2 The if-else statement
    • An if-else statement will execute one block of statement if
    its Boolean expression is true or another block if its
    Boolean expression is false
    • It has two parts: an if clause and an else clause
    • In C#, a generic format looks:
    if (expression)
    {
    statements;
    }
    else
    {
    statements;
    }
    Example of if-else
    Statement

    if (temp > 40)


    {
    False True
    temp >40 MessageBox.Show(“hot”);
    }
    else
    display “cold” display “hot” {
    MessageBox.Show(“cold”);
    }
    4.3 Nested Decision
    Structures
    • You can create nested decision structures to test more than one
    condition.
    • Nested means “one inside another”
    • In C#, a generic format is: if (expression)
    {
    if (expression)
    {
    statements;
    }
    else
    {
    statements;
    }
    }
    else
    {
    statements
    }
    A Sample Nested Decision
    Structure
    if (salary >= 40000)
    {
    if (yearOnJob >= 2)
    {
    decisionLabel.Text = "You qualify for the load."
    }
    else
    {
    decisionLabel.Text = "Minimum years at current " +
    "job not met." Salary >=
    400000
    }
    }
    Display “Minimum
    else
    salary requirement not yearsOnJob
    { met.” >= 2
    decisionLabel.Text = "Minimum salary requirement "
    + "not met."
    Display “Minimum
    } Display “You qualify
    years at current job
    for the load.”
    not met.”

    End
    The if-else-if Statement
    • You can also create a decision structure that evaluates multiple
    conditions to make the final decision using the if-else-if statement
    • In C#, the generic format is: int grade = double.Parse(textBox1.Text);
    if (grade >=90)
    if (expression) {
    { MessageBox.Show("A");
    } }
    else if (grade >=80)
    else if (expression) {
    { MessageBox.Show("B");
    }
    } else if (grade >=70)
    else if (expression) {
    MessageBox.Show("C");
    {
    }
    } else if (grade >=60)
    … {
    MessageBox.Show("D");
    else }
    { else
    {
    } MessageBox.Show("F");
    }
    4.4 Logical Operators
    • The logical AND operator (&&) and the logical OR operator (||) allow
    you to connect multiple Boolean expressions to create a compound
    expression
    • The logical NOT operator (!) reverses the truth of a Boolean
    expression
    Operator Meaning Description
    && AND Both subexpression must be true for the compound expression to be true
    || OR One or both subexpression must be true for the compound expression to
    be true
    ! NOT It negates (reverses) the value to its opposite one.

    Expression Meaning
    x >y && a < b Is x greater than y AND is a less than b?
    x == y || x == z Is x equal to y OR is x equal to z?
    ! (x > y) Is the expression x > y NOT true?
    Sample Decision Structures
    with Logical Operators
    • The && operator
    if (temperature < 20 && minutes > 12)
    {
    MessageBox.Show(“The temperature is in the danger zone.”);
    }

    • The || operator
    if (temperature < 20 || temperature > 100)
    {
    MessageBox.Show(“The temperature is in the danger zone.”);
    }

    • The ! Operator
    if (!(temperature > 100))
    {
    MessageBox.Show(“The is below the maximum temperature.”);
    }
    4.5 bool Variables and
    Flags
    • You can store the values true or false in bool variables,
    which are commonly used as flags
    • A flag is a variable that signals when some condition
    exists in the program
    – False – indicates the condition does not exist
    – True – indicates the condition exists
    if (grandMaster)
    {
    powerLevel += 500;
    }
    If (!grandMaster)
    {
    powerLevel = 100;
    }
    4.6 Comparing Strings
    • You can use certain relational operators and methods to
    compare strings. For example,
    – The == operator can compare two strings
    string name1 = “Mary”;
    string name2 = “Mark”;
    if (name1 == name2) { }
    – You can compare string variables with string literals, too
    if (month ! = “October”) { }

    – The String.Compare method can compare two strings


    string name1 = “Mary”;
    string name2 = “Mark”;
    if (String.Compare(name1, name2) == 0) { }
    4.7 Preventing Data
    Conversion Exception
    • Exception should be prevented when possible
    • The TryParse methods can prevent exceptions caused by users
    entering invalid data
    – int.TryParse
    – doubel.TryParse
    – decimal.TryParse
    • The generic syntax is:

    int.TryParse(string, out targetVariable)

    • The out keyword is required; it specifies that the targetVariable is an


    output variable
    Samples of TryParse
    Methods
    // int.TryParse
    int number;
    if (int.TryParse(inputTextBox.Text, out number)) { } else { }

    //double.TryParse
    double number;
    if (double.TryParse(inputTextBox.Text, out number)) { } else { }

    //decimal.TryParse
    decimal number;
    if (decimal.TryParse(inputTextBox.Text, out number)) { } else { }
    4.8 Input Validation
    • Input validation is the process of inspecting data that has been
    entered into a program to make sure it is valid before it is used
    • TryParse methods check if the user enters the data, but it does not
    check the integrity of the data. For example,
    – In a payroll program we might validate the number of hours worked.

    if (hours > 0 && hours <= 168) { } else { }

    – In a program that gets test scores, we can limits its data to an integer
    range of 0 through 100.

    if (testScore >= 0 && testScore <=100) { } else { }


    4.9 Radio Buttons and Check
    Boxes
    • Radio buttons allow users to select one choice from
    several possible choices
    – Clicking on a radio button, the program automatically deselects
    any others. This is known as mutually exclusive selection
    • Check boxes allows users to select multiple options
    RadioButton Control
    • The .NET Framework provides the RadioButton
    Control for you to create a group of radio buttons
    • Common properties are:
    – Text: holds the text that is displayed next to the radio
    button
    – Checked: a Boolean property that determines
    whether the control is selected or deselected
    Working with Radio Buttons in
    Code
    • In code, use a decision structure to determine
    whether a RadioButton is selected. For example,

    If (choiceRadioButton.Checked) { } else { }

    • You do not need to use the == operator,


    although the following is equivalent to the above

    If (choiceRadioButton.Checked == true) { } else { }


    CheckBox Control
    • The .NET Framework provide the CheckBox
    Control for you to give the user an option, such
    as true/false or yes/no
    • Common properties are:
    – Text: holds the text that is displayed next to the radio button
    – Checked: a Boolean property that determines whether the
    control is selected or deselected
    • In code, use a decision structure to determine
    whether a CheckBox is selected. For example,
    If (option1CheckBox.Checked) { } else { }
    The CheckedChanged
    Event
    • Anything a RadioButton or a CheckBox control’s
    Checked property changes, a CheckedChanged event is
    raised
    • You can create a CheckedChanged event handler and
    write codes to respond to the event
    • Double click the control in the Designer to create an
    empty CheckedChanged event handler similar to:

    private void yellowRadioButton_CheckedChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { }


    4.10 The switch
    Statement
    • The switch statement lets the value of a
    variable or an expression determine which path
    of execution the program will take
    • It is a multiple-alternative decision structure
    • It can be used as an alternative to an if-else-if
    statement that tests the same variable or
    expression for several different values
    Generic Format of switch
    Statement
    swtich (testExpression)
    {
    • The testExpression is a variable or an
    case value_1:
    statements; expression that given an integer,
    break; string, or bool value. Yet, it cannot be
    case value_2:
    a floating-point or decimal value.
    statements;
    break; • Each case is an individual subsection
    … containing one or more statements,
    case value_n:
    followed by a break statement
    statements;
    break;
    • The default section is optional and is
    default: designed for a situation that the
    statements; testExpression will not match with any
    break;
    }
    of the case
    Sample switch Statement
    switch (month)
    {
    case 1:
    MessageBox.Show(“January”);
    break;

    month
    case 2:
    MessageBox.Show(“February”);
    break;

    case 3: Display
    MessageBox.Show(“March”); Display Display Display “Error:
    “January” “February” “March” Invalid
    break; month”

    default:
    MessageBox.Show(“Error: Invalid month”);
    break;
    }
    4.11 Introduction to List
    Boxes
    • A list box displays a list of items and allow the user to select an item
    from the list
    • In C#, you can use the ListBox control to create a list box
    • Commonly used properties are:
    – Text: Gets or searches for the text of the currently selected item in the
    ListBox
    – Items: Gets the items of the ListBox
    – SelectedItem: Gets or sets the currently selected item in the ListBox.
    When the user selects an item, the item is stored in this property. You
    can use the following to get the selected item from a list box:

    selectedFruit = fruitListBox.SelectedItem.ToString();

    – SelectedIndex: Gets or sets the zero-based index of the currently


    selected item in a ListBox
    SelectedItem
    • An exception will occur if you try to get the value of a
    ListBox’s SelectedItem property when no item is
    selected
    • Items in a list box have an index starting with 0
    – The first item has index 0, the nth item has index n-1
    – The SelectedIndex property keeps the index. If no item is
    selected the, value of SelectedIndex is -1
    • The following is an example to use SelectedIndex
    property to make sure that an item is selected before you
    get the value from SelectedItem.
    if (fruitListBox.SelectedIndex != -1) { }
    That is……………….

    Questions?

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