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    Mental Retardation

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    Alvin Omondi
    Mental retardation is an intellectual and adaptive functioning disorder that originates during the developmental period. It is characterized by deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. The severity is defined by adaptive functioning limitations and not IQ scores alone. Mild mental retardation accounts for 85% of cases, while moderate and severe each account for 10-15% and profound accounts for 1-2% of cases. The causes can be genetic conditions, biological factors like seizures, or environmental factors such as family stress. Treatment focuses on health promotion, education tailored to ability level, teaching independent living skills, and providing support services.

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    Mental Retardation

    Uploaded by

    Alvin Omondi
    34 views23 pages
    Mental retardation is an intellectual and adaptive functioning disorder that originates during the developmental period. It is characterized by deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. The severity is defined by adaptive functioning limitations and not IQ scores alone. Mild mental retardation accounts for 85% of cases, while moderate and severe each account for 10-15% and profound accounts for 1-2% of cases. The causes can be genetic conditions, biological factors like seizures, or environmental factors such as family stress. Treatment focuses on health promotion, education tailored to ability level, teaching independent living skills, and providing support services.

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    MENTAL_RETARDATION[1]

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    Mental retardation is an intellectual and adaptive functioning disorder that originates during the developmental period. It is characterized by deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. The severity is defined by adaptive functioning limitations and not IQ scores alone. Mild mental retardation accounts for 85% of cases, while moderate and severe each account for 10-15% and profound accounts for 1-2% of cases. The causes can be genetic conditions, biological factors like seizures, or environmental factors such as family stress. Treatment focuses on health promotion, education tailored to ability level, teaching independent living skills, and providing support services.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    34 views23 pages

    Mental Retardation

    Uploaded by

    Alvin Omondi
    Mental retardation is an intellectual and adaptive functioning disorder that originates during the developmental period. It is characterized by deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. The severity is defined by adaptive functioning limitations and not IQ scores alone. Mild mental retardation accounts for 85% of cases, while moderate and severe each account for 10-15% and profound accounts for 1-2% of cases. The causes can be genetic conditions, biological factors like seizures, or environmental factors such as family stress. Treatment focuses on health promotion, education tailored to ability level, teaching independent living skills, and providing support services.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    Mental Retardation

    NOT A DISEASE
    A condition in which the intellectual
    facilities are never manifested or never
    been developed sufficiently to enable
    the retarded person of his own abilities
    and placed in similar circumstances with
    himself are capable of receiving
    INTELLECTUAL
    DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER
    A disorder during the developmental
    period
    Deficits in intellectual and adoptive
    functioning skills (conceptual, social
    and practical domains)
    The onset must be during the
    developmental period
    The severity is defined on the basis of
    adoptive functioning and not IQ
    INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS

    Reasoning
    problem solving
    abstract thinking
    judgment
    academic learning
    learning from experience
    Support is needed in one or more areas
    to meet age related expectations
    ADOPTIVE FUNCTIONING

    Failure to meet developmental and


    sociocultural stds for personal
    independence and social responsibility
    Limits in communication
    Social participation
    Independent living across multiple
    areas such as home, school, work,
    community
    SPECIFIERS
    Mild- need support in conceptual
    thinking, concrete language, socially
    gullible
    Moderate-conceptual skills lag
    behind, marked difference in social
    and communication behaviour, can
    manage basic self care
    Severe –attainment of conceptual
    skills limited, limited vocabulary in
    spoken language, need support in
    SDL
    SPECIFIERS CONT….
    Profound –conceptual skills generally
    involve the physical world rather than
    symbolic processes
    Limited understanding in symbolic
    communication in speech or gestures
    Dependent on others for all aspects
    of daily physical care, health ,
    Co-occurring physical and sensory
    impairments are frequent barriers to
    participation at home
    PREVALENCE OF IDD
    PREVALENCE OF MR

    Mild- 85% cases

    Moderate- 10% cases

    Severe- 4% cases

    Profound- 1%-2% cases


    CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
    Persons with severe to profound MR
    come to diagnosis at a younger age
    and are more likely to exhibit medical
    conditions, dysmorphic features, have
    a range of behavioural and
    psychiatric disturbance
    Mild MR is diagnosed much later
    when academic demands become
    more prominent in school, less likely
    to have medical conditions and
    dysmorphic features
    ASSOCIATED PSYCHIATRIC
    AND BEHAVIOURAL
    PROBLEMS

    Prader-Willie syndrome
    Fragile X
    Angelman’s syndrome
    Smith Magenis
    Rett’s syndrome
    IQ-WITHOUT PATHOLOGICAL
    ETIOLOGY
    IQ WITH PATHOLOGICAL
    ETIOLOGY
    CAUSES OF INCREASED
    PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
    BIOLOGICAL
    -seizure disorders
    -sensory and motor impairments
    PSYCHOLOGICAL
    -aberrant personality styles
    -too wary /disinhibited
    - Abnormal levels of sensitivity to
    basic human drives such as need
    for attention or acceptance
    CONT….
    Increased rate of failure experience
    which may lead to learned
    helplessness
    Low expectation for success-
    depression
    Less differentiated self concept
    Negative evaluation of the entire self
    Reinforcement of negative behaviour
    leads to more entrenched
    maladaptive behaviour
    Social risk factors
    Poor communication and assertiveness
    skills
    Increased frustration and acting out
    behaviour
    Social stigma and negative impact on
    daily living, adjustment and esteem
    Peer rejection and ostracism among
    children
    Atypical patterns of friendship with non
    retarded children
    Social risk factors cont…

    Inappropriate responses to social cues


    may exacerbate stigma and isolation
    from others
    Heightened risk of exploitation and
    abuse which may worsen behaviour
    and emotional problems
    Family stress including low level of
    emotional service and financial support
    to families
    Mild MR 50 - 70

    85% total MR

    Normal development till later in school

    life by 6 – 8th grade become poor

    Need help when under stress


    Moderate MR 35 - 49

    7% total MR
    Development usually slowed
    Can be trained to look after self under
    close supervision and simple
    communication
    Can do simple tasks and engage in **
    activities
    Profound MR < 20

    Accounts for 1%

    Only few learn to care for themselves

    Some eventually achieve speech and

    social behaviour
    Other Common Disorders with MR

    Defects in vision and hearing

    Spasticity, epilepsy, ataxia

    School

    Mood disorder

    Organic
    Management

    Health promotion
    Genetic counseling
    Avoid childbirth in late age of mother
    Avoid consanguinity
    Avoid marriage of MR
    Early detection of correctable conditions
    Drive towards attainment of the right
    development
    MANAGEMENT

    Observation of rights to safety and


    protection
    Enjoy and utilize available resources
    Educable-mild to moderate
    Trainable severe to profound
    Some may not necessarily be able to
    cope in a social setting hence home
    schooling
    THE END!

    THANK YOU

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