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    Deformation of The Crust

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    Julius Macaballug
    The document discusses how rocks deform due to opposing forces of gravity and buoyancy, known as isostasy. When these forces are balanced, no deformation occurs, but changes can cause isostatic adjustments that result in uplift or subsidence until balance is restored. Stress applied to rocks can result in different types of strain, including brittle fractures, ductile folding, or permanent deformation. Different types of faults and folds form due to compressional, tensional, or shear stresses. Plate tectonics can cause mountain building through collision and compression at convergent boundaries.

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    Deformation of The Crust

    Uploaded by

    Julius Macaballug
    126 views28 pages
    The document discusses how rocks deform due to opposing forces of gravity and buoyancy, known as isostasy. When these forces are balanced, no deformation occurs, but changes can cause isostatic adjustments that result in uplift or subsidence until balance is restored. Stress applied to rocks can result in different types of strain, including brittle fractures, ductile folding, or permanent deformation. Different types of faults and folds form due to compressional, tensional, or shear stresses. Plate tectonics can cause mountain building through collision and compression at convergent boundaries.

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    Mountains

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    The document discusses how rocks deform due to opposing forces of gravity and buoyancy, known as isostasy. When these forces are balanced, no deformation occurs, but changes can cause isostatic adjustments that result in uplift or subsidence until balance is restored. Stress applied to rocks can result in different types of strain, including brittle fractures, ductile folding, or permanent deformation. Different types of faults and folds form due to compressional, tensional, or shear stresses. Plate tectonics can cause mountain building through collision and compression at convergent boundaries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    126 views28 pages

    Deformation of The Crust

    Uploaded by

    Julius Macaballug
    The document discusses how rocks deform due to opposing forces of gravity and buoyancy, known as isostasy. When these forces are balanced, no deformation occurs, but changes can cause isostatic adjustments that result in uplift or subsidence until balance is restored. Stress applied to rocks can result in different types of strain, including brittle fractures, ductile folding, or permanent deformation. Different types of faults and folds form due to compressional, tensional, or shear stresses. Plate tectonics can cause mountain building through collision and compression at convergent boundaries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    DEFORMATION OF THE CRUST

    HOW ROCKS DEFORM


     Deformation
    = bending, tilting, or breaking Earth’s crust.
    ISOSTASY
    Deformation can be due to two opposing forces:
    • gravity, or weight, of the lithosphere pressing down on the
    asthenosphere.
    • And the buoyant force of the asthenosphere pressing up on the
    lithosphere.

    • When these two forces are in balance = isostasy


    • As the earth changes, isostatic adjustments occur until isostasy
    (balance) is reached again.
    • Isostatic adjustments cause rock to deform.
    ISOSTASTIC ADJUSTMENTS
     As the Lithosphere  As the Lithosphere
    thickens. becomes thinner.
     Becomes heavier  Becomes lighter
     Sinks deeper into  Rises higher in the
    asthenosphere asthenosphere
     Mountain building,  Erosion off mountains and
    glaciation, and glacial retreat can cause
    deposition of sediments the crust to become
    by rivers adds weight = lighter = Uplift
    Subsidence
    (sinking).
    SINKING, UPLIFT, SINKING, UPLIFT, ETC.
    STRESS
     The amount of force that is exerted on rock.
     Occurs when crust is squeezed, stretched, and twisted when the lithosphere
    moves.
     Compression
     Squeezes and shortens
     Reduces the amount of space a rock occupies
     Reduces the volume of rock
     Pushes rock higher up, uplift
     Near convergent boundaries

     Tension
     Stretches and pulls rock
     Rock becomes thinner
     Occurs near divergent boundaries

     Shear
     Distorts rock by pushing parts of the rock in opposite directions.
     Rocks bend, twist, or break as they slide past each other.
     Common at transform boundaries
    STRAIN

     Any change in the shape or volume of rock that


    results from stress.
     If stress is applied slowly, the deformed rock may regain
    its original shape when the stress is removed.
    • Some stress leads to permanent deformation of the rock.
    • Type of strain depends on composition of rock, temperature, and
    pressure.
     Brittle strain appears as cracks or fractures.
     Occurs mostly at the surface, lower temperature/pressure
     Also occurs when stress is applied more quickly.
     Ductile materials bend or deform without breaking.
     Occur at higher temperature/pressure
    DUCTILE: BEND WITHOUT BREAKING
    FOLDING
     A form of ductile strain
     A fold is a bend in a rock layer.
     Occurs when rock is compressed and
    squeezed.
     Can also occur from shear stress.
     MONOCLINE fold
     Both limbs are horizontal
     Form when one side moves up or down
     ANTICLINE fold
     Oldest layers are in the center, turns
    downwards
     SYNCLINE fold
     Youngest layers are in the center, turns
    upwards
    FAULTS
     Stress (brittle strain) may cause rocks to break.
     If no movement occurs along the break = fracture.
     If movement occurs along the break = fault
     Normal fault
     Hanging wall (which is above fault) moves down compared to footwall (below fault).
     Occur at divergent boundaries
     Great Rift Valley, Africa
     Reverse fault
     Hanging wall moves up compared to footwall
     Occur at convergent boundaries (compression)
     Thrust fault (type of reverse fault) – hanging wall pushed up over the footwall
     Rockies and Alps
     Strike-slip fault
     Rocks slide horizontally to each other
     Due to shear stress at transform boundaries

    NORMAL FAULT (TENSIONAL STRESS)
    REVERSE FAULT OR THRUST FAULT (COMPRESSIONAL STRESS)
    STRIKE-SLIP FAULT (SHEAR STRESS)
    HOW MOUNTAINS FORM (OROGENY)
     A mountain is the most extreme type of
    deformation.
     Mt. Everest… 8 km and still rising
     Part of the Great Himalaya range
     Mountain ranges: Great Smokey, Blue Ridge,
    Cumberland, Green, Appalachian.
     Mountain belts: Circum-Pacific, Eurasian-Melanesian.
    PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAINS
    • Collisions: continental and oceanic crust
    • Melting may also form volcanic mountains
    • Cascade range, N. America
    • Andes, S. America
    Cascade Mountains
    Mt. Hood
    Mt. Jefferson

    Three Sisters
    PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAINS
     Collisions: oceanic and oceanic crust
     Melting may form an arc of volcanic mountains.
     Mariana islands
    Aleutian Islands
    PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAINS
     Collisions: continental and continental crust
     Forms uplift mountains
     Himalayas
    HIMALAYAS
    FOLDED MOUNTAINS
     Occur when two
    continents collide
     Form high mountains
     Alps, Himalayas,
    Appalachians, Urals.
    PLATEAU
     Occur when large, flat,
    areas of rock are slowly
    uplifted and remain flat.
     Located near mountain
    ranges.
     Tibetan plateau (Himalaya)
     Colorado plateau (Rockies)
     Can also form when layers
    of molten rock accumulate.
     Or when large areas of
    rock are eroded.
    FAULT-BLOCK
    MOUNTAINS GRABENS
     Occur where parts of • Also forms long narrow valleys
    Earth’s crust have been • Form when steep faults break the
    stretched and broken crust into blocks and one block
    slips downward relative to the
    into large blocks.
    surrounding blocks.
     Some blocks tilt or drop • Occur with Fault-Block
    relative to other blocks. Mountains.
     Sierra Nevada Range, – Basin and Range Province,
    CA Western U.S.
    The Grand Tetons
    (Fault-Block Mountains)
    DOME MOUNTAINS VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
     Occur when magma erupts onto Earth’s
     Occur when magma surface.
    rises through the crust  Common along convergent boundaries
     Cascades (Washington, Oregon, N. CA)
    and pushes up the  Mid-Ocean Ridges form volcanic islands
    rock layers above the  Azores, N. Atlantic Ocean
    • Some also form at hot spots (volcanically
    magma. active areas that do not lie near tectonic
    plate boundaries).
     Hawaiian Islands

     Black Hills, S.
    Dakota
     Adirondack, NY

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