DC Generator: Swetala, Emmanuel A 110

DC Generator
Swetala, Emmanuel
A 110
Course Contents
 Construction and operating principle of DC

Generators
 Types of DC Generators, their losses and
applications
 Characteristics of DC Generators
 Efficiency of DC Generators
 Maximum efficiency of DC Generators
 Protection of DC Generators
Generator principle
 An electric generator is a machine that converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 An electric generator is based on the principle
that whenever flux is cut by a conductor, an
e.m.f. is induced which will cause a current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed. The
direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is
given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Generator principle
 Therefore, the essential components of a

generator are:
 magnetic field
 conductor or a group of conductors
 motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.
Simple loop dc generator
Structure Output waveform

Construction of d.c. Generator
Construction of d.c. Generator
 The d.c. generators and d.c. motors have the

same general construction. Any d.c.
generator can be run as a d.c. motor and
vice-versa.
 All d.c. machines have the following principal
components viz., (i)field system (ii) armature
core (iii) armature winding (iv) commutator
(v)brushes (vi)The yoke
The yoke
 Is the outer frame of a Dc generator made of

cast iron or cast steel or rolled steel
 Acts as a protecting shield for a generator
 It provides mechanical support for the poles
 It forms low reluctance path for magnetic flux
The yoke cont’d
Field system/poles
Field system
 The function of the field system is to produce uniform

magnetic field within which the armature rotates.
 It consists of a number of salient poles (of course,
even number) bolted to the inside of circular frame
(generally called yoke).
 The pole pieces are composed of stacked laminations.
Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the d.c.
exciting current. The field coils are connected in such
a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.
Armature core
Armature core
 The armature core rotates between the field

poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations
(about 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick) that are stacked to
form a cylindrical core as shown in Fig above.
 The laminations are individually coated with a thin
insulating film so that they do not come in
electrical contact with each other. The purpose of
laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current
loss.
Armature core
 The laminations are slotted to accommodate

and provide mechanical security to the
armature winding and to give shorter air gap
for the flux to cross between the pole face
and the armature “teeth”.
Armature winding
 This is known as armature winding. This is

the winding in which “working” e.m.f. is
induced.
 The armature conductors are connected in
series-parallel; the conductors being
connected in series so as to increase the
voltage and in parallel paths so as to
increase the current.
Commutator
 Commutator: Is a mechanical rectifier, which

converts the alternating voltage generated in
the armature winding in to direct voltage
across the brush. It is made of copper
segments insulated from each other by mica
and mounted on the shaft of the machine.
The armature windings are connected to the
commutator segments.
Brushes
 The purpose of brushes is to ensure

electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load
circuit.
 The brushes are made of carbon and rest on
the commutator. The brush pressure is
adjusted by means of adjustable springs.
Brushes
 If the brush pressure is very large, the

friction produces heating of the commutator
and the brushes. On the other hand, if it is
too weak, the imperfect contact with the
commutator may produce sparking.
 Multipole machines have as many brushes
as they have poles.
Brush and commutator
General features of D.C. armature
windings
1. A d.c. machine (generator or motor)

generally employs windings distributed in
slots over the circumference of the armature
core, the induced e.m.f. in the conductor is
given by;
windings contd…
2. The armature conductors are connected to

form coils. The basic component of all types of
armature windings is the armature coil. A
single-turn coil has two conductors or coil sides
connected at the back of the armature.
windings contd…
 The coil sides of a coil are placed a pole

span apart i.e., one coil side of the coil is
under N-pole and the other coil side is under
the next S-pole at the corresponding
position. Consequently the e.m.f.s of the coil
sides add together. If the e.m.f. induced in
one conductor is 2.5 volts, then the e.m.f. of
a single-turn coil will be = 2x2.5 = 5 volts
3. Most of d.c. armature windings are double
layer windings i.e., there are two coil sides per
slot. One coil side of a coil lies at the top of a
slot and the other coil side lies at the bottom of
some other slot. The coil ends will then lie side
by side.
4. The coil sides are connected through
commutator segments in such a manner as to
form a series-parallel system; a number of
conductors are connected in series so as to
increase the voltage and two or more such
series-connected paths in parallel to share the
current
Armature winding terminologies
 Pole pitch/span
– Is a distance between two adjacent poles or
– Number of armature conductors or slots per pole
 Conductor: Is a length of a wire lying in a
magnetic field and in which an e.m.f is
induced.
 Coil span/ Coil pitch (Ys): Is a distance
measured in terms of armature slots or
conductors, between two sides of a coil
– If the coil span equals to pole pitch ten winding is
called full-pitched and if less is called fractional-
pitched
– In fractional-pitched winding, a phase difference
between e.m.fs in the two sides of the coil, hence
emf is a vector sum of the two emfs
Armature winding terminologies
Types of D.C. Armature Windings
 Simplex lap winding

 Simplex wave winding
simplex lap winding
 For a simplex lap winding, the commutator

pitch = 1 and coil span~pole pitch. Thus the
ends of any coil are brought out to adjacent
commutator segments
Simplex lap winding
Position and number of brushes in
lap winding
 A positive brush will be placed on that

commutator segment where the currents in
the coils are meeting to flow out of the
segment.
 A negative brush will be placed on that
commutator segment where the currents in
the coils are meeting to flow in.
Points to note in lap winding
 Total number of brushes is equal to number

of poles
 There are as many parallel paths as there
are number of poles.
 Current in each armature conductor is equal
to armature current Ia divide by P
 In a simplex wave winding, the coils
approximately pole pitch apart are connected
in series and the commutator pitch YC ~ 2
pole pitches (segments).
 Thus in a wave winding, successive coils
“wave” forward under successive poles
instead of “lapping” back on themselves as in
the lap winding.
 It is clear that only two brushes one positive
and one negative are required (though two
positive and two negative brushes can also
be used).
 We find that there are two parallel paths
between the positive brush and the negative
brush
Applications of Lap and Wave
Windings
 In multipolar machines, for a given number of

poles (P) and armature conductors (Z), a
wave winding has a higher terminal voltage
than a lap winding because it has more
conductors in series.
 On the other hand, the lap winding carries
more current than a wave winding because it
has more parallel paths.
 In small machines, the current-carrying capacity of
the armature conductors is not critical and in order
to achieve suitable voltages, wave windings are
used.
 On the other hand, in large machines suitable
voltages are easily obtained because of the
availability of large number of armature conductors
and the current carrying capacity is more critical.
Hence in large machines, lap windings are used.
Qn
A four-pole generator, having lap-wound

armature winding has 51 slot, each slot
containing 20 conductors. What will be the
voltage generated in the machine when driven at
750 r.p.m assuming the flux per pole to be 7
mWb?
Calculate e.m.f generated in each conductor and
the total e.m.f generated for a double layer lap
wound machine
Qn
 The armature of a 4‐pole dc machine is

rotating at 840 rpm. The armature length and
diameter are 40 cm and 30 cm respectively.
The flux per pole is 65 mWb. For a 5‐turn
fullpitched armature coil:
a. Find the average emf induced in the coil.
b. Find the average magnetic flux density
Qn
 A 10‐pole simple lap wound generator is rated

at 110 V., 600 A., and 750 rpm. It has a
winding resistance of 7.2 mΩ, and is wound in
163 slots with 4 coil sides/slot and 2 turns/coil.
Assume a brush voltage drop of 1.5 V. (a) find
the rated load power, (b) find the resistance ,
emf, and terminal voltage per coil and per turn,
and (c) find the flux per pole.
CHAPTER TWO
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

DC Generator: Swetala, Emmanuel A 110

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Generator: Swetala, Emmanuel A 110

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Generator: Swetala, Emmanuel A 110

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Generator

 Construction and operating principle of DC

 An electric generator is a machine that converts

 Therefore, the essential components of a

Structure Output waveform

 The d.c. generators and d.c. motors have the

 Is the outer frame of a Dc generator made of

 The function of the field system is to produce uniform

 The armature core rotates between the field

 The laminations are slotted to accommodate

 This is known as armature winding. This is

 Commutator: Is a mechanical rectifier, which

 The purpose of brushes is to ensure

 If the brush pressure is very large, the

1. A d.c. machine (generator or motor)

2. The armature conductors are connected to

 The coil sides of a coil are placed a pole

 Simplex lap winding

 For a simplex lap winding, the commutator

 A positive brush will be placed on that

 Total number of brushes is equal to number

 In multipolar machines, for a given number of

A four-pole generator, having lap-wound

 The armature of a 4‐pole dc machine is

 A 10‐pole simple lap wound generator is rated

You might also like