Foramtion of Latent Image

Construction of Film and Its Types
Introduction
 Photographically, It is an invisible image produced on an image

receptor as a result of exposure to light/ radiation immediate after
exposure prior to the development.
 The formation of latent image is the first photochemical process.
 Latent image cannot be detected by direct physical or analytical
chemical means but can be made visible by chemical processing.
Chemical Sensitization
Chemical sensitization of the crystals are produced by adding

sulphur containing agent(allylthiourea).
Allylthiourea reacts with AgBr to form Silver Sulfide (Ag2S).
Ag2S is located on the surface of the crystal and referred to as
sensitivity speck- Traps the electrons to begin formation of the
latent image centers.
Allylthiourea AgBr Ag2S

Process of Latent Image Formation
Historical Background
 Coherent theory of the formation of photographic latent image

( by R. W. Gurney and N. F. Mott, 1938) later popularly known
as Gurney - Mott theory.
 Mitchell theory (1957) – originated from the research into solid
state physics.
 Close similarities between these two theories. Only differ in the
way they explain the early stages in the formation of silver atoms
at the sensitivity speck of an exposed silver halide crystal.
 Gurney- Mott theory is widely accepted to describe the process
of latent image formation.
5
Radiographic Film
6
The Emulsion
7
Mechanism of Latent Image Formation
Effects of Exposure
 Photoelectric effect
 Compton Effect
Nucleation Process
 Gurney - Mott Theory
 Mitchell Theory
Growth Process
8
Effect of Exposure
Photons interact through
photoelectric and Compton
interaction.
 Interactions usually occur
at the bromine ions since
they are located at the
surface of the crystal.
9
Effect of Exposure
 Both interaction releases

high energy electrons.
 Bromine ions becomes
neutral and they migrate
out of the crystal into the
gelatin.
10
Effects of Exposure
The process disrupts the crystal lattice formation.

Ions in the crystal are now free to migrate and move
around.
Bromide migrate out of the crystal leaving the silver
ion, free electron and electron trap in the crystal.
Unexposed Crystal Exposed Crystal

Nucleation process
Gurney-Mott theory
In order to understand the Gurney-Mott theory of the
latent image formation, it is necessary to digress and
consider the structure of AgBr crystal.
Crystal Structure
 When solid AgBr is formed as in the preparation of a

photographic emulsion the silver atoms each give up
one orbital electron to a Br atom forming positively
charged Ag ion and negatively charged Br ion.
 A crystal of silver bromide in a photographic emulsion
is fortunately not perfect ,a number of imperfection are
present.
22
Crystal Structure
 First within the crystal, there are silver ions that do not
occupy the lattice position but rather are in the space
between[Frankel Defect]
 Secondly, there are distortion of the uniform crystal
structure ,may be foreign body within the crystal
produced by reaction with the components of gelatin or
dislocation of the regular array of ions.
141
Gurney-Mott Theory
 Gurney Mott Theory can be explained by two stages:
1. Electronic Conduction Stage
2. Ionic Conduction Stage
151
1.Electronic C. Stage
 A photon of light of energy greater than a certain

minimum value is absorbed in a silver bromide , it
releases an electron from a Bromide ion forming
bromide atom.
 Liberated electron encountered a latent image site and
be trapped giving latent image site a negative charges.
161
Fig. Electronic C.Stage
17
2.Ionic Conduction Stage
 The negatively charged trap can then attract an

interstitial silver ion because of positive nature.
 When such an interstitial ions reaches a negatively
charged trap its charge counteracted , an atom of silver
is deposited at the trap.
 This aggregate of silver atom is latent image.
181
Fig. Ionic C. Stage
19
Nucleation Process
Gurney - Mott Theory
Unfortunately, a single silver
 Fortunately, during its short
atom is unstable, separation
life the single silver atom can act
occurs and stage one and two
as a trap for another electron,
happen again.
and if another silver ion is
attracted to this site ...
20
Nucleation Process
Gurney - Mott Theory
 A stable-atom speck is
formed and is called a latent
sub-image center.
21
Success For Gurney-Mott Theory
 Since this theory can better explain the photographic

effect on the basis of:
1. Low Intensity Reciprocity Law-failure
2. High Intensity Reciprocity Law-Failure
221
Nucleation Process
Mitchell Theory
A free silver ion comes near  A free electron, released by
to a shallow electron trap and exposure, and a silver ion
deepens it. approach the trap together and
immediately form a silver atom.
This is called a pre-image center
23
Nucleation Process
Mitchell Theory
 Unfortunately, as in Gurney-  Fortunately, the single silver atom

acquire a second silver ion. And a
Mott theory, the single silver atom
free electron arrives before the escape
is unstable, and it dissociates into
of this second silver ion, thus ...
a silver ion and electron.
24
Nucleation Process
Mitchell Theory
 A stable-atom speck is
formed and is called a latent
sub-image center.
25
Growth Process
 Growth is the enlargement of

sub-image center until it
becomes development
centers (at least 2-4 silver
atoms in one sensitivity
speck).
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Construction of Film and Its Types

 Photographically, It is an invisible image produced on an image

Chemical sensitization of the crystals are produced by adding

Allylthiourea AgBr Ag2S

 Coherent theory of the formation of photographic latent image

 Both interaction releases

The process disrupts the crystal lattice formation.

Unexposed Crystal Exposed Crystal

 When solid AgBr is formed as in the preparation of a

 Gurney Mott Theory can be explained by two stages:

1. Electronic Conduction Stage

2. Ionic Conduction Stage

 A photon of light of energy greater than a certain

 The negatively charged trap can then attract an

 Since this theory can better explain the photographic

1. Low Intensity Reciprocity Law-failure

2. High Intensity Reciprocity Law-Failure

 Unfortunately, as in Gurney-  Fortunately, the single silver atom

 Growth is the enlargement of

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