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Physical Pharmaceutics-Ii: B. Pharm (IV Sem) Physical Pharmacy-II BP 403T Unit - III Coarse Dispersions

1) Stoke's law describes the settling of particles in dilute suspensions, where the velocity of sedimentation is proportional to the particle diameter squared, density difference between particle and medium, and acceleration due to gravity, but inversely proportional to the medium viscosity. 2) At higher concentrations, particle settling is hindered and Stoke's law is modified. Brownian motion also counteracts sedimentation for small particles between 2-5 micrometers in size. 3) Sedimentation parameters like sedimentation volume and degree of flocculation describe flocculated versus deflocculated systems, where flocculated systems have a distinct sediment-supernatant boundary and deflocculated systems remain turbid

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3K views

Physical Pharmaceutics-Ii: B. Pharm (IV Sem) Physical Pharmacy-II BP 403T Unit - III Coarse Dispersions

1) Stoke's law describes the settling of particles in dilute suspensions, where the velocity of sedimentation is proportional to the particle diameter squared, density difference between particle and medium, and acceleration due to gravity, but inversely proportional to the medium viscosity. 2) At higher concentrations, particle settling is hindered and Stoke's law is modified. Brownian motion also counteracts sedimentation for small particles between 2-5 micrometers in size. 3) Sedimentation parameters like sedimentation volume and degree of flocculation describe flocculated versus deflocculated systems, where flocculated systems have a distinct sediment-supernatant boundary and deflocculated systems remain turbid

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dipti_sriv
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Amity Institute of Pharmacy

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II

B. Pharm (IV Sem)


Physical Pharmacy- II
BP 403T
Unit – III
COARSE DISPERSIONS

1
d2= (ρs- ρ0)g
18ղ
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Settling in suspensions
Stoke’s law is applicable when:
Theory of sedimentation
Stoke’s law:  Particles settle freely and independently
(as in dilute suspensions 0.5-2% w/v)
Velocity of sedimentation (v) = d2 (ρs- ρ0)g  At high concentrations concentrations-
hindered settling
 Stoke’s law modified as
18ղ 0
v ′ =vεn
 where v is the terminal velocity in cm/sec, v′ -the rate of fall at the interface in
 d is the diameter of the particle in cm, cm/sec
 ρs and ρo are the densities of the dispersed ε -the initial porosity of the system
phase and dispersion medium n -is a measure of the “hindering” of the
 g is the acceleration due to gravity, system. It is a constant for each system.
 ղ 0 is the viscosity of the dispersion medium
in poise. 2
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Brownian Motion
 Observed for particles lying between Sedimentation parameters
size of 2 to 5 µm
 Brownian movement counteracts
sedimentation to a measurable extent
Sedimentation parameters
 In flocculated systems, flocs tend to fall
together, producing a distinct boundary
between the sediment and the supernatant Sedimentation Volume Degree of Flocculation
liquid. (F) (β)
 In deflocculated suspensions- no clear
boundary is formed and the supernatant
remains turbid for a considerably longer
period of time.
3
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Sedimentation volume F
• is defined as the ultimate volume of the
sediment, Vu, divided by the original
volume of the suspension, Vo, before
settling
F= Vu / Vo
• F could be = > < than 1
• When F=1 flocculation equilibrium
• When F >1 flocs formed in the
suspension is so loose and fluffy that
the volume they are able to encompass
is greater than the original volume of
suspension

4
Degree of flocculation (β) Amity Institute of Pharmacy

Describes the relationship between the


sedimentation volume of the flocculated
suspension to the sedimentation volume
of the same suspension when
deflocculated
Large β indicates a flocculated suspension
with floccules loosely held in an open
scaffold.
Small β indicates a highly condensed
sediment
Factors influencing β includes shape and
size of the suspension particles and
distribution of sizes
Temperature, density and viscosity have
less effect 5
References Amity Institute of Pharmacy

1. Sinko PJ and Singh Y. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical


Sciences: Physical, chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in
pharmaceutical sciences. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2011. Chapter 10,Coarse Dispersions ; p. 410-430
2. Subrahmanyam CVS. A Text Book of Physical Pharmacy.2nd ed.
Vallabh Prakashan. Chapter 10, Suspensions; p 369-380.

6
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Thank you!

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