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Data Analysis and Interpretation

This document provides an overview of data analysis and interpretation. It discusses the key steps as: 1) data preparation including compilation, editing, coding and classification; 2) using descriptive statistics to describe and summarize the data; 3) using inferential statistics to draw inferences about relationships between variables and differences; and 4) interpreting the analyzed data to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It also discusses tools for quantitative analysis like Excel, SPSS and SAS and qualitative analysis techniques involving comprehending, synthesizing, theorizing and recontexualizing data.

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Dolly Dolly
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
314 views

Data Analysis and Interpretation

This document provides an overview of data analysis and interpretation. It discusses the key steps as: 1) data preparation including compilation, editing, coding and classification; 2) using descriptive statistics to describe and summarize the data; 3) using inferential statistics to draw inferences about relationships between variables and differences; and 4) interpreting the analyzed data to answer research questions and test hypotheses. It also discusses tools for quantitative analysis like Excel, SPSS and SAS and qualitative analysis techniques involving comprehending, synthesizing, theorizing and recontexualizing data.

Uploaded by

Dolly Dolly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WELCOME

TOPIC

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION


Introduction
Analysis and Interpretation of Data is the most
Important Phase of the Research Process, Which Invv
Data Collection is followed by Analysis and
Interpretation of Data, Where Collected Data Are
Analyzed and Interpreted in Accordance Wit Analysis
and Interpretation of Data Includes Compilation,
Editing, Coding, Classification, and Presentation of
Data.
Purpose of analyzing of data :-
Describe and summarize the data
• identify relationships between variables

• compare variables

• identify the difference between variables


DEFINITIONS:-
1.Analysis is the process of organizing and
synthesizing the data so as to answer research
questions and test hypothesis. be answered
and hypothesis can be tested.

2.Analysis is the process of breaking a


complex topic into smaller parts to gain better
understand.
Data analysis and interpretation

Data Drawing the


Describe the Interpretation
Preparation inferences' of
Data of Data
Data
1.
Data Preparation ( Cleaning and Organizing Data for
Analysis )

Data Preparation

.Compilation Editing: Coding

Classification .Tabulation
Compilation :-
Compilation process includes gathering together all the collected
data in manner that a process of analysis can be initiated . While
compiling the data, care is to be taken to arrange all the data in an
order so that editing and coding process can be implemented with
ease.

Editing:-
 Editing implies the checking of the gathered data for accuracy,
utility, and completeness. If the raw data are erroneous or
inconsistent, these deficiencies will be carried through all subsequent
stages of processing and will greatly distort the result of any enquiry.
So the editor or project director must see that none of the questions
have been skipped, all the answers have been recorded, and all the
answers are internally consistent with each other.
Coding:-
Coding is important for analysis as numerous answers can be reduced to
a small number of classes through coding. The original data are
transformed into symbols.

Classification:-
The classification of data is necessary, as many researches result in large
volumes of raw data which must be reduced to homogeneous groups. In the
process of classification, we divide and arrange the entire data into different
categories, classifications, groups, or classes on the basis of common
characteristics. When data are classified based on qualities and attributes ,
which are incapable of quantitative measurements , the classification is said
to be according to attributes , and when data are classified on the basis of
quantitative measurements , the classification is said to be according to class
in tervals . The classification of data could be • Quantitative classification :
The quantitative data , such as age , height , weight , income , Hb level , are
classified based on quantitative classes such as : Monthly income in rupees :
< 5000 , 5001-10000 , > 10,000
Tabulation:-
Tabulation is the recording of the classified data in accurate
mathematical terms; for example, marking and counting the
frequency tallied. In simple tabulation, there is an orderly
arrangement of data in columns and rows. The arrangement of
the assembled data has to be done in concise and logical order.
Tabulation is a tedious process where raw data are to be
summarized and displayed in compact form, which can be done
manually or by computer. Tabulation helps in detection of errors,
omissions, comparison, and various statistical computations that
may be carried out on the data.

 A table is a tabular representation of statistical data .


Tabulation is the first step before data can be used for further
statistical analysis and interpretation. The tabulation means the
systematic presentation of the information contained in the data
in rows and
DESCRIBE THE DATA (Descriptive OR
Summary Statics
Descriptive statistic to describe the back features of data to provide
simple sum-maries about the sample and the measures in study. It is
also used to describe the main feature of a collection of data
quantitative terms. percentages, means of central tendency (mean,
median, and ,mode),and means dispersion (standard deviation,
range, and mean deviation ) are the examples of descriptive statistics.

 descriptive statistics it used to organized and summarize the data to


draw meaningful interpretations. It also allows the researcher to
interpret data meaningfully, so that research question can be
answered completely and appropriately. Descriptive statistics may be
categorized in several ways; however , this chapter presents the most
simplified classification of the descriptive statistics that includes.
Drawing the inferences of data ( inferential
statistics):-
Inferential statistics helps in drawing inferences from the Data, e.g.
finishing the differences relationship ,and association between two or
more variables any the of the parametric and non parametric statistical
tests. The most commonly used inferential tactical tests are Z-test , t-test ,
ANOVA, chi-square tests etc. An inference is a conclusion or judgment
based on evidence. Statistics inferences are made cautiously and with the
great care.

 TYPE-1 AND TYPE -11 ERRORS:


Types-1 error occurs where null hypothesis is rejected , when it should have
been accepted. It is also called alpha error. Type -11 error occurs where null
beta error. These errors , when null hypothesis is accepted, when it should
actually have been rejected.
Level of significance:-
Probability of making type-1 error called level of significance. It is
represented by a or p. in other words, level of significance is probability
of rejecting the null hypothesis when it true.

Confidence interval:-
Coincidence interval (CI) is range of values that with a specified degree
probability is thought to contain the population value. The researcher assets
with some degree of confidence that population value. The researcher asserts
with some degree of confidence that the population parameter lies within
those bound ies .
Interpretation of data:-
Interpretation of data refers to the critical examination of the analyzed
study results to draw inferences and conclusions. Interpretation of the
research finding of a study involves a search for their meaning in relation to
the research problems ,objective, conceptual framework and hypotheses.
This is activity of critical thinking , which is done carefully through brain-
storming to infer the condensed and statistically computed data so that
research question can be answered and hypothesis can be tested.

• Strategies for effective interpretation :-


•Interpretation must be made in light of research problems, objective s, conceptual
framework, hypotheses and assumptions.
• Critical examination of each element of study results before framing the
interpretations
•Careful consideration and recognition of the limitation of the research study so
that inappropriate interpretation can be avoided.
•Interpretation s must be based on the study results only. So that chances of
minister pretentions or over interpretation ofthe unstudied facts can be avoided.
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA:-

Microsoft
SPSS SAS Minitab
Excel
Analysis of qualitative Data:-
Qualitative analysis is time-consuming detail- oriented, detail-oriented
and seemingly overwhelming task That provides ways of discerning
,examining, comparing, and interpreting meaningful patterns or themes.

Problems in qualitative Data Analysis:-


•There are no universally accepted rules and methods for analysis of qualitative
data.
•There is lack of standard analysis methods and procedures for qualitative
data. Therefore validity of analyzed data is always a controversial issue.
•Voluminous detain the form of several page narrations collected during
qualitative studies require a lot of hard work before drawing the meaningful
conclusions.
•Qualitative data cannot be condensed too much like quantitative data because
they may lose their richness of content and evidentiary value.
Qualitative data analysis process:-

Qualitative data analysis process

Comprehending

synthesizing theorizing Recontexualizing


Steps of qualitative Data analysis:-

Describe the Study sample characteristics.

Order and reduce /code the data(data processing)

Summarize the data in such a way interpretation become easy.

Draw conclusion, relate these to the other data sets of the study, and
decide how to integrate the data in report.

If required, develop strategies for further testing or confirming the


qualitative data in order to prove their validity.
THANK YOU

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