7 Layer OSI Model

Open System Interconnection

Model
 History
• Rapid growth of computer networks caused
compatibility problems
• ISO recognized the problem and released
the OSI model in 1984
• OSI stands for Open Systems
Interconnection and consists of 7 Layers
• The use of layers is designed to reduce
complexity and make standardization easier
OSI Defines: How data is transferred
from one computer to another
If computers use different operating system,
How are they going to communicate

Mac
In order to accompany successful communication for
different architecture OSI model was introduced
 Note that:
Each layer is a package of protocol. If we say Application protocol. It
doesn’t mean that it include computer applications like crome, firefox.
But it includes application layer protocol that are needed to make this
application work correctly in the network.

Each layer is a package of

protocol
Top most layer….
Application Layer: provide services for network applns. With
the help of protocols to perform user activities.
Layer 7
Presentation Layer : Data representation
Receives data from application layer
SSL protocol is used

Layer 6
For fast data transmission
Session Layer: Communication between hosts Layer 5

•Setting up & managing

connection.
•Enabling sending &
receiving of data.
Followed by termination
of connection.
Cont.
Before session, server performs a function called Authentication and Authorization

Web Browser performs all

the function of …
Transport Layer: Controls the reliability of
communication
Layer 4

Connection and
Connectionless Tx
Segmentation:
•Data received from session layer
is divided into small data unit.

•Each segment contain port No. &

Sequence No.

Port No. => helps to direct each

segment to the correct application.

Sequence No. => help to re-

assemble segments in the correct
order to form correct message to
the receiver
The amount of data being transmitted
If some data doesn’t arrive the destination TL uses ARR
to retransmit the lost data.
 Network Layer: End to End delivery
Layer 3
The function of Network Layer

• IP Addressing
done in NL.
• NL assign
sender/receiver
address to each
packet
Data link Layer: physical addressing
(provide access to media)
DLL: Is embedded
as a software in Layer 2
NIC using wire

Optical fiber

copper Air
Cont.

DLL two basic functions

1.Allows upper link layers to access media using (Framing)

2. Controls how data is placed & received from the media using
(Media Access Control) and (Error Detection)
Physical Layer: puts bits on Medium

Layer 1
Data are Segmented by

Placed to packets by

Framed by

Convert this binary seq. to signal

Transmit over
 7 Layers of the OSI Model
Layer Responsible For:
7.) Application Provides Services to User Apps
6.) Presentation Data Representation
5.) Session Communication Between Hosts
4.) Transport Flow Ctrl, Error Detection/Correction
3.) Network End to End Delivery, Logical Addr
2.) Data Link Media Access Ctrl, Physical Addr
1.) Physical Medium, Interfaces, Puts Bits on Med.
 Examples
Layer Example
7.) Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP
6.) Presentation ASCII, JPEG, PGP
5.) Session BOOTP, NetBIOS, DHCP, DNS
4.) Transport TCP, UDP, SPX
3.) Network IP, IPX, ICMP
2.) Data Link Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame Relay
1.) Physical Bits, Interfaces, Hubs
 Mnemonics
(A)ll 7.) (A)pplication (A)way
(P)eople 6.) (P)resentation (P)izza
(S)eem 5.) (S)ession (S)ausage
(T)o 4.) (T)ransport (T)hrow
(N)eed 3.) (N)etwork (N)ot
(D)ata 2.) (D)ata Link (D)o
(P)rocessing 1.) (P)hysical (P)lease
 Flat Addressing
• Flat addressing schemes do not provide
anything other than a unique identifier.
They provide no real information about
where the object being addressed resides.
• Example: SSN# (may provide insight to
where the person was born, but not to where
they are now)
 Hierarchical Addressing
• Hierarchical addressing schemes provide
layers or a hierarchy to the address that
provide information about where the
addressed object exists within the hierarchy.
• Example: phone numbers (area code, local
prefix, and four digit number unique to that
area code/prefix combination).
 Talking to Everyone
• Special kinds of addresses exist at both
layer #2 and #3 called broadcast addresses
• Typically network devices are interested in
only traffic addressed directly for them and
any traffic addressed with the destination
address set to broadcast
• If they are paying attention to other traffic,
they are said to be in promiscuous mode
 Encapsulation
• Data exists at each layer contained within a
unit called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
• PDU’s are referred two ways: N-PDU, and
by special names.
• The process by which data moves between
PDU types is called Encapsulation
• PDU move through interfaces between
layers using Service Access Points (SAP)
PDU’s And the OSI Model
Layer PDU Name
7.) Application Data
6.) Presentation Data
5.) Session Data
4.) Transport Segment
3.) Network Packet
2.) Data Link Frame
1.) Physical Bits
 Layer 1: The Physical Layer
• Defines physical medium and interfaces
• Determines how bits are represented
• Controls transmission rate & bit
synchronization
• Controls transmission mode: simplex, half-
duplex, & full duplex
• PDU: Bits
• Devices: hubs, cables, connectors, etc…
 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer
• PDU: Frames
• Keeps Link alive & provides connection for
upper layer protocols
• Based on physical (flat) address space
• Physical addresses are fixed and don’t
change when the node is moved
• Medium/media access control
 The Data Link Layer (cont.)
• Flow control and error detection/correction
at the frame level. Think collisions…
• Topology
• Ex: Ethernet, Token Ring, ISDN
• Sublayers: MAC (framing, addressing, &
MAC) & LLC (logical link control – gives
error control & flow control)
• Devices: switches, bridges, NIC’s
 Layer 3: The Network Layer
• PDU: Packet
• End to end delivery of packets
• Creates logical paths
• Path determination (routing)
• Hides the lower layers making things
hardware independent
• Uses logical hierarchical addresses
 The Network Layer (cont.)
• Logical hierarchical addresses do change
when a node is moved to a new subnet
• Devices: routers, firewalls
 Layer 4: The Transport Layer
• PDU: Segment
• Service Point Address (more often called a port)
used to track multiple sessions between the same
systems. SPA’s are used to allow a node to offer
more than one service (i.e. it could offer both mail
and web services)
• This layer is why you have to specify TCP or UDP
when dealing with TCP/IP
 The Transport Layer (cont.)
• Must reassemble segments into data using
sequence numbers
• Can use either connectionless or connection
oriented sessions
• Connectionless sessions rely on upper layer
protocols for error control and are often
used for faster less reliable links
• Ex: UDP (used by things like NFS & DNS)
 The Transport Layer (cont.)
• Connection oriented sessions require the sender to
first request a connection, the receiver to
acknowledge the connection, and that they
negotiate how much data can be sent/received
before its reception is acknowledged
• Uses acknowledgements & retransmission for
error correction
• Example: TCP (used by things like telnet, http)
 Layer 5: The Session Layer
• PDU: Data (from here on up)
• Sometimes called the dialog controller, this
layer establishes, maintains, and terminates
sessions between applications
• Sets duplex between applications
• Defines checkpoints for acknowledgements
during sessions between applications
 The Session Layer (cont.)
• Provides atomization – Multiple connections can
be treated as one virtual session. If one fails or is
terminated, all should be terminated.
• Identifies raw data as either application data or
session control information
• Uses fields provided by layers 3 & 4 to track
dialogs between applications / services
• Provides translations for naming services
• Ex: RPC, X-Windows, LDAP, NFS
 Layer 6: The Presentation Layer
• Data formatting, translation, encryption,
and compression
• Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML, JPEG
 Layer 7: The Application Layer
• Provides communication services to
applications
• Ex: HTTP, FTP, SMTP
 TCP/IP Model
• Much older than OSI model
• Consists of 4 layers instead of 7
• TCP/IP model can be mapped to the OSI
model
 TCP/IP vs OSI
TCP/IP OSI
Application Application
Presentation
Session (Layers 7-5)
Transport Transport (Layer 4)
Internet Network (Layer 3)

Network Interface Data Link

Physical (Layers 1-2)
 IEEE Standards
• IEEE project 802 started in 1985
• Adopted by ANSI in 1987
• Recognized as an international standard by
the ISO as ISO 8802
• Deals with layers 1 & 2
 IEEE Standards (cont.)
• At the data link layer (layer 2), defines
MAC and LLC sublayers
• LLC covers media independent topics
(802.2 is the LLC standard)
• MAC topics are dependent on media
(802.3, 802.11, 802.5)
• At the physical layer (layer 1), defines a
PMI and PMD