Chapter 4-Speaking To Inform

CHAPTER 4
SPEAKING TO INFORM
&
SPEAKING TO
PERSUADE
1
INTRODUCTION
 Public speaking to inform occurs in a wide range of everyday
situations.
 INFORMATIVE SPEECH: A speech designed to convey
knowledge and understanding.
(1) SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS
TYPES OF SPEECHES
 “objects” include anything that is visible, tangible, and stable
in
form.
 Objects may have moving parts or be alive; e.g. places,
structures, animals, even people.
 Examples of subjects for speeches about objects: e-book
readers, service dogs, titanium, human eye, Golden Gate
Bridge
2
(2) SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES
 A process is a systematic series of actions that leads
to a specific result or product which explains how
something is made, done, or works.
Examples:
To inform my audience how U.S. currency is made.
To inform my audience how to write an effective
resumé.
(3) SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS
 Event is defined as “anything that happens or is

regarded as happening.”
 Examples: Festival of the Sun or Olympic Games
3
4) SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS
 Concepts include beliefs, theories, ideas, and

principles.
 They are more abstract than objects, processes, or
events.
 Examples:
 Confucianism
 Nutritional theories
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GUIDELINES FOR INFORMATIVE
SPEAKING
1) Don't overestimate what the audience knows
 It is easy to overestimate the audience’s stock of information.

Consider whether the topic is clear to someone who is hearing
for the first time.
2) Relate the subject directly to the audience
 The speaker must recognize the subject might fascinating to

them but maybe not to everybody.
 Choose a topic that tie with listeners’ interest and concerns.
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3) Don't be too technical
 Any subject can be popularized—but
only up to a point. The important thing for a speaker to
know is what can or cannot be explained to an
ordinary audience.
4) Avoid abstractions
 Ways to avoid abstractions:
A) Description - A statement that depicts a person, event,
idea, etc with clarity and vividness
B) Comparison - A statement of the similarities among
two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
C) Contrast - A statement of the differences among two
or more people, events, ideas, etc.
6
5) Personalize your ideas:
 PERSONALIZE - To present one’s ideas in human

terms that relate in some fashion to the
experience of the audience.
 Listeners want to be entertained as they are being
enlightened.
 Personalize your ideas and dramatize the speech
in human terms.
6) Be creative
 A good informative speech is not an oral

encyclopedia article. It requires a healthy dose of
creativity.
7
THE IMPORTANCE OF
PERSUASION
 Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or

changing people’s beliefs or actions.
 The ability to speak (and write) persuasively will benefit

you in every part of your life.
 Your goal may be to defend an idea, to refute an

opponent, to sell a program, or to inspire people to
action.
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Ethics & Persuasion
 Make sure your goals are ethically sound that you can
defend them if they are questioned or challenged.
 Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas.
 Show respect for the rights of free speech and
expression, and stay away from name- calling and
other forms of abusive language.
The Psychology of Persuasion
Persuasion is a psychological process. It occurs in a situation

where two or more points of view exist.
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A) THE CHALLENGE OF PERSUASIVE SPEAKING
 Persuasion is the most complex and the most

challenging.
 Demands of audience analysis and adaptation.
 Deal with controversial topics that touch
listeners’ basic attitudes, values, and beliefs.
 To have mental dialogue with the audience.
 The mental give-and-take between speaker
and listener.
 Anticipate possible objections from the
audience.
 Deal with skeptical listeners.
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ORGANIZING SPEECHES ON
QUESTIONS OF POLICY
1) Problem-solution order :
A persuasive speech dealing with the existence of
a problem
Presents a solution to the problem
2) Problem-cause- solution order:

Identifies a problem
Analyzes the causes of the problem
Presents a solution to the problem
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ORGANIZING SPEECHES ON
QUESTIONS OF POLICY
3) Comparative advantages order :

It explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is
preferable to other proposed solutions.
4) Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that
seek immediate action. The five steps of the
motivated sequence are the following:
Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action
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Monroe’s motivated sequence
1) Attention
5) Action
Monroe’s 2) Need
Motivated
Sequence
3) Satisfaction
4) Visualization
13
1) Attention: Gain the attention of your audience by relating
to the audience, show the importance of the topic,
startle statement, arouse curiosity or suspense, pose a
question, tell a dramatic story, or use visual aids.
2) Need: Make the audience feel a need for change.

 Arouse a sense of need, satisfy it by providing a solution to
the problem.
 Present your plan and show how it will work.
4) Visualization: Intensify desire for it by visualizing it

benefits.
 Use vivid imagery.
5) Action: Ready to call for action. Say exactly what you want
the audience to do— and how to do it.
 Conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their
commitment to act.
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CHAPTER 4

(3) SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS

 Event is defined as “anything that happens or is

 Concepts include beliefs, theories, ideas, and

 It is easy to overestimate the audience’s stock of information.

2) Relate the subject directly to the audience

 The speaker must recognize the subject might fascinating to

 PERSONALIZE - To present one’s ideas in human

 A good informative speech is not an oral

 Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or

 The ability to speak (and write) persuasively will benefit

 Your goal may be to defend an idea, to refute an

The Psychology of Persuasion

Persuasion is a psychological process. It occurs in a situation

 Persuasion is the most complex and the most

2) Problem-cause- solution order:

3) Comparative advantages order :

4) Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

2) Need: Make the audience feel a need for change.

4) Visualization: Intensify desire for it by visualizing it

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