How We Come To Realize That The Earth Is Not The Center of The Universe?

HOW WE COME TO
REALIZE THAT THE

EARTH IS NOT THE
CENTER OF THE
UNIVERSE?
How can you say that an
object is in motion?
- An object is said to be in
motion if it changes its
position with respect to its
surroundings in a given
time.
 All livings things show motion
whereas non-living things show
motion only when some force is
acting on it.
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
• DISTANCE measures the actual path
an object takes.
• DISPLACEMENT measures your
overall distance from the initial
position to final position in a straight
line.
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
• SPEED measures how fast an object
is travelling.
• VELOCITY define as speed in a given
direction.
SPEED vs. VELOCITY
ACCELERATION
It is the rate of change in velocity
TYPES OF ACCELERATION
1. Positive Acceleration
-Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction.
-Object SPEEDS up
2. Negative Acceleration
-Velocity and acceleration are in the Opposite
direction.
-Object SLOWS down
Greeks’ Three Types of
Terrestrial Motion
 The term terrestrial (from the Latin word terra, meaning earth
or land) refers to anything that comes from the planet Earth.
 In astronomy and related fields, terrestrial refers to just about
everything that comes from our planet: rocks, lifeforms,
elements, and everything else.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
WHAT IS TERRESTRIAL MOTION?
The movement that the Earth makes.

The three types of terrestrial motion
defined by the Greeks are:
1.Motion with respect to place: This can be
simply defined as locomotion or movement
from one point to another.
2.Motion with respect to quantity: This is a
change in magnitude of some quantity; it is
an increase or decrease.
3.Motion with respect to quality: Change in
the “virtue” of an object.
Diurnal Motion and
Annual Motion
DIURNAL MOTION
an astronomical term
referring to the
apparent daily motion
of stars around the
Earth, or more
precisely around the
two celestial poles.
“Daily Motion” of the
Earth.
Earth’s rotation.
Earth’s
Rotation: the
spin of the Earth
on its axis.
It takes one day
for the Earth to
complete one
rotation.
The stars move in a peculiar way that can only be
explained in the spherical Earth model.
All the
differences of
diurnal motion
that occur in
the different
latitudes on can
never be
explained in a
flat Earth.
How does the
rotation of the
Earth affects us in
our daily living?
Different
parts of
the world
experience
different
times of
day as the
Earth
rotates.
ANNUAL MOTION
 Yearly
revolution of
the Earth
around sun.
EARTH’S REVOLUTION
The movement of the Earth in orbit around
the sun.
 It takes one year for the Earth to complete
one revolution
The Earth’s orbital speed varies because its
orbital path is not a perfect circle; it is
elliptical.
The Earth orbits fastest when it is farthest
away from the Sun and slowest when it is
closest.
How does the
revolution of the
Earth affects us
in our daily
living?
1.The Earth also revolves around the
Sun, which changes our view of the
stars.
2.Seasons are caused because the
Earth’s axis is tilted and as the Earth
revolves around the Sun, different parts
of the Earth receive more direct
sunlight (summer), while other parts of
the Earth receive sunlight which is
more spread out (winter).
HOW THE GREEKS KNEW
THAT THE EARTH IS
SPHERICAL?
GREEK HISTORY
It all started as a philosophical
concept developed by the Greeks
around the 6th century BC. It wasn’t
until the 3rd century BC when
Hellenistic astronomy came to the
conclusion that the earth was in fact
physically spherical.
Hellenistic Astronomy - Hellenistic Astronomy is the study by ancient Greeks based
from the Babylonians astronomical observations and used the information for
practical goals and to develop cosmological framework to base their philosophical
ideas.
Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during early
history Mesopotamia. These records can be found on Sumerian clay tablets,
inscribed in cuneiform, dated to around 1000 BCE.
CUNEIFORM
Hellenistic astronomy
Astronomy in ancient Greece
At first, there was no real explanation of how
the Greeks came up with this conclusion,
other than their observation on the change of
the stars when they travelled.
Pythagoras and Plato taught their students
that the world was round but they had no
justification or proof.
The round Earth theory didn’t get a proper explanation until Aristotle (384-322
BC) made three important observations:
• Every portion of the Earth tends

toward the center until by
compression and convergence they
form a sphere.
• Travellers going south see southern

constellations rise higher above the
horizon; and
• The shadow of Earth on the moon

during a lunar eclipse is round.
Lunar Eclipse
This knowledge was then passed from
generation to generation.
It was then spread to the eastern world

where they thought that the earth was a
flat disk floating in an ocean surrounded
by a spherical sky, as explained by the
Mesopotamian mythology.
PLATO’S PROBLEM OF “SAVING THE
APPEARANCES” CONSTRAINED GREEK
MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE
The Greeks believe in the theory of
planetary motion, an assumption that
planets must move in a perfectly circular
motion.
Meanwhile, in ''saving the appearances'',
Plato explained that although planets
move towards a perfect path or circular
motion, it is still apparent that there are
still planets that move in an irregular
motion or wander across the sky.
Pythagoras was acknowledged to be the first to assert
earth is round and that the heavenly bodies move in
circles. Earth is at rest at the center of the universe and
everything rotates around Earth. Ptolemy proposed the
geocentric model of the universe.
GEOCENTRIC
He also considered the motions of the planets were
mathematically related to musical sounds and numbers.
These ideas are called
“The Music of the Spheres.”
Anaxagoras, a follower of Pythagoras, was credited for
determining the relative positions of the sun, the moon,
and Earth, during solar and lunar eclipse.
The Greek Philosopher and teacher Plato adopted
Pythagorean view of the motion of heavenly bodies as
combinations of circular motion about Earth. He
assumed that all motions in the universe are perfectly
circular and all that heavenly bodies are ethereal or
perfect.
Pythagorean view of the motion of heavenly
bodies
Most of the time, planets moved from west to east as
predicted. But occasionally, they backtrack for a while,
that is, they move westward before resuming their
eastward motion. This is called the retrograde motion.
Retrograde Motion
Retrograde motion is an APPARENT change in
the movement of the planet through the sky. It is not REAL
in that the planet does not physically start moving
backwards in its orbit. It just appears to do so because of
the relative positions of the planet and Earth and how they
are moving around the Sun.
The followers and students of Plato were
tasked to explain the retrograde motion of
the planets. In particular, Plato challenged
them with this problem: “What circular
motions, uniform and perfectly regular, are
to be admitted as hypothesis so that it
might be possible to save the appearances
presented by the planets?”
This challenge is known as
“Plato’s Saving the Appearances”
in the history of astronomy.

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What are the three types of terrestrial motion defined by the Greeks?

What is diurnal motion?

HOW WE COME TO

REALIZE THAT THE

The movement that the Earth makes.

• Every portion of the Earth tends

• Travellers going south see southern

• The shadow of Earth on the moon

It was then spread to the eastern world

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