LESSON 6 : THE

PHYSICAL AND
SEXUAL SELF
I - Alpha
John Erianne Aala
Marvin Abanes
Marvin Asi
Airish Capuno
- The gonads (reproductive glands that produce the gametes;
testis ovary) begin to form until about the eighth week of
embryonic development.
- During the early stages of human development, the
embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are
alike and are said to be in the indifferent stage.
- The formation of male and female structure depends on the
presence of testosterone.
- The embryonic testes release testosterone, and the
formation of the duct system and external genitalia follows.
- Female embryos that from ovaries will cause the
development of the female ducts and external genitalia since
testosterone hormone is not produce.
- Any intervention with the normal pattern sex hormone
production in the embryo results in strange abnormalities:
Pseudohermaphrodites are formed who are
individulas having accessory reproductive structures
that do not “match” their gonads;
Hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both
ovarian and testicular tissues but this is rare in nature.
Puberty is the period of life when the reproductive
organs grow to the adult size and become functional
under the influence of rising levels of gonadal
hormones ( testosterone in males and estrogen in
females).
Diseases Associated with the
Reproductive System
In Females:
- Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly
women and in those whose resistance to disease is low.
- Vaginal infections that are left untreated may spread
throughout the female reproductive tract and may cause pelvic
inflammatory disease and sterility.
- Escherichia coli which spread through the digestive tract; the
sexually transmitted microorganisms such as syphilis,
gonorrhea, and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of fungus)
- Painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or
hormone imbalance.
- Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common
reproductive cancers in adult females.
In Males:
- Common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually
transmitted disease ( STD) microorganisms are transmitted.
- Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, can cause sterility and most
commonly follows mumps in adult male.
- Prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a
widespread problem in adult male.
- Although aging men show a steady decline in testosterone secretion,
their reproductive capability seems unending.
Erogenous Zones
- They refers to part of the body that primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal when touched in sexual manner.
- Commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals, and
anus; other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may
include the neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet.
Human Sexual Behavior
- It is defined as any activity- solitary, between two persons, or in a group-
that induces sexual arousal.
- There are two major factors that determine human behavior: the
inherited sexual pattern response patterns that have evolved as a means of
ensuring reproduction, and the degree of restraint or the other types of
influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his/her
sexuality.
Type of Behavior
1. Solitary Behavior
- Self-gratification means self stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and
generally, sexual climax; most self-gratification takes place in private as end
in itself.
- Self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried; there are more
males who perform acts of self-gratification than females.
- It becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity is
available.
2. Sociosexual Behavior
- Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual
behavior that occur between only one male and one female.
- It usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by
curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia.
- Physical contact involving necking or petting is considered as
an ingredient of the learning process.
- Petting differs from hugging, kissing, and generalized
caresses of the clothed body to practice involving stimulation
of genitals.
- Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive structure into
the female reproductive organ, is viewed by the society quite
differently depending upon the marital status of the
individuals.
Physiology of Human Sexual Responses
1. Excitement Phase
There is increase in pulse and blood pressure , and skin
temperature. Flushing and swelling of all distensible body parts
are also experienced. Symptoms of arousal eventually increase
to near maximal physiological level that leads to the next
stage.
2. Plateau Phase
It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued,
orgasm usually occurs.
3. Sexual Climax
It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure.
4. Resolution Phase
It is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or
subnormal physiologic state.
Nervous System Factors
1. The automatic system is involved in controlling the involuntary
responses.
2. The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the
brain believed to the responsible for regulating the sexual
responses.
3. The lower spinal cord leads to erection and ejaculation for male,
and vaginal discharges and lubrication for female when the
genital and perineal areas are stimulated.

Sexual Problems
- Physiological problems. Diseases that are due to abnormal
development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology
controlling sexual responses;
- Physiological problems. Caused by socially induced inhibitions,
maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and sexual myths held by
society;
- Premature emission of semen is a common problem,
especially for young males;
- Erectile impotence is almost always of psychological origin in
males under 40; in older males, physical causes are more
often involved;
- Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to
ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon and usually of psychogenic
origin.
- Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature
constricting the female reproductive organ so that
penetration is painful or impossible.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
These are bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections transmitted
from an infected person to an uninfected person through
sexual contact.
1. Chlamydia
It is the most notifiable condition. Rates of chlamydia
are highest among adolescent and young adult females
while men are generally lower than rates among
women.
2. Gonorrhea
It is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted
bacterium that infects both males and females. The
magnitude increase among men suggests either
increased transmission or increased case ascertainment
(e.g., through increased extra-genital screening) among
MSM ( men who have sex with men) or both.
Antimicrobial resistance remains an important
consideration in the treatment of gonorrhea.
3. Syphilis
The syphilis rate increased among both men and
women in every region of the country. Syphilis rates were
consistently highest persons aged 20 to 29 years old, but
rates increased in every 5-years age group among those
aged 15 to 64 years. Rates were highest among African
Americans and Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islanders.
4. Chancroid
Chnancroid is caused by infection with bacterium
Haemophilus decreyi. Clinical manifestation include genital
ulcers and inguinal lympadenopathy or buboes.
5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
It is the most most common sexually transmitted
infection.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
The most prevalent of sexually transmitted infections.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
It is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection associated
with adverse health outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic
vaginitis.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

Natural Method
The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or
foreign body introduction in the human body.
a. Abstinence
This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and
is the most effective natural birth control method with ideally with
ideally 0% fail rate.
b. Calendar Method
This method is also called as the rhythm method. It entails
withholding from coitus during the days that the woman is
fertile. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six
months in order to calculate the woman’s safe days to prevent
conception.
c. Basal Body Temperature
The basal body temperature (BBT) indicates the woman’s
temperature at rest.
d. Cervical Mucus Method
The changes in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis
for this method.
e. Symptothermal Method
The symptothermal method is basically a combination of the
BBT method and the cervical mucus method.
f. Ovulation Detection
The ovulation detection method uses an over-the-counter kit
that requires the urine sample of the woman.
g. Coitus Interruptus
Coitus interruptus is one the oldest methods that prevents
conception.
Artifical Methods:
a. Oral Contraceptive
Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
b. Transdermal Patch
The transdermal patch contains both estrogen and
progesterone.
c. Vaginal Ring
The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen and
progesterone and it surrounds the cervix.
d. Subdermal Implants
Subdermal implants are two rod-like implants inserted
under the skin of the female during her menses or on the
seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not
get pregnant. The implants are made with etonogestrel,
desogestrel, and progestin and can be helpful for three to five
years.
e. Hormonal Injections
A hormonal injection contains medroxyprogesterone, a
progesterone, and is usually given once every 12 weeks
intramuscularly.
f. Intrauterine Device
An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped object
containing progesterone that inserted into the uterus via the
female reproductive system.
g. Chemical Barriers
Chemical barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and
creams and glycerin films are used to cause the death of sperms
before they can enter the cervix and to cause death of sperms
before they organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm.
h. Diaphragm
It is circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be
placed before coitus.
i. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim
of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and
could stay in place for not more than 48 hours.
j. Male Condoms
The male condom is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male reproductive organ before
penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the
sperm during ejaculation.
k. Female Condoms
Female condoms are made up of latex rubber sheaths that
are pre-lubricated with spermicide.
l. Surgical Methods
During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of
the scrotum. The vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or
plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is
advised to use a backup contraceptive method until two
negative sperm count results are recorded because the sperm
could remain viable in the vas deferens for six months.
In women, tubal ligation is performed after menstruation
and before ovulation. The procedure is done through a small
incision under the woman’s umbilicus that targets the fallopian
tube for cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage
of both the sperm and the ova.
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