PLACES AND

LANDSCAPES IN THE
CHANGING WORLD
VALLADOLID SHEILA A.
BSED.SOC.STUD.2A

Melhjohn Enriquez
Instructor
MODULES 3-4
LANDSCAPES OF PRIMARY ACTIVITIES:
AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION

It is difficult to conceive agriculture without soil , we have

overpassed 7000 million people all over the world and population
need to be fed. Science and technology have made it possible
with technics like hydrophonics: it is a method of growing plants
without soil but using nutrients that are fundamental for life:
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and enough light for
photoshynthesis.
News:

Today Israel leads this type of agricultural cultivation. Most of

Israel is arid and has little water available for crop production
Personal Opinion Personally, I don't think
these types of products taste the same as
naturally grown ones, why? They do not
follow the normal process and can be the
cause of some of the most common
illnesses today.
PRIMARY SECTORS

Agricultural economic activity is divided

into three major sectors: primary,
secondary and tertiary. The primary sector
contains economic activities related to the
acquisition of resources directly from
nature. The main activity in this sector is
agriculture, but the main sector has other
economic activities such as livestock,
fishing and forestry.
There are three activities in the primary
sector which use land to obtain natural
resources: AGRICULTURE:

cultivation of land in order to obtain

different kind of plants: grasses (cereals);
vegetables, bushes (vines); or trees (olive,
fruit trees). They provide food for people,
fodder for cattle and raw materials for
industry.
LIVESTOCK FARMING

It's about raising animals to get products that

humans consume. A wide variety of animal
species are bred, but cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
and poultry * are the most common *.
Livestock provide industrial food and raw
materials (meat, milk, leather, wool, fertilizer).
In some cases, animals also get jobs
(agriculture, transportation, etc.). This is
common in poor families living in developing
and rural areas. Poultry: poultry.
FORESTRY

It consists of managing the forest to obtain

natural products such as wood (used to make
furniture and paper), rubber and resin.
AGRICULTURE DEPENDS ON A VARIETY OF FACTORS:
• The influence of the climate
• The influence of the land relief • The influence of the soil and
the vegetation.
a. Climate effects Plant growth depends on temperature, soil
humidity, and the amount of light it receives. It is not possible to
practice agriculture in areas with temperatures below 0 ° C or
above 45 ° C, or in areas with very severe droughts.
b. Impact of Land Relief Farmers prefer to cultivate flat land at
the bottom of plains and valleys. Avoid mountainous areas as it is
much more difficult to plow the soil on the slopes due to the lack
of machinery and the need to mow the terraces. In addition, low
temperatures hinder the growth of crops above a certain height.
Livestock and forestry, on the other hand, can better adapt to
mountainous areas.
c. The influence of the soil and the vegetation The soil provides the
nutrients necessary for plants to grow. Their fertility depends on
the depth, the texture, which influences water retention, and its
acidity or alkalinity, because very acid or very alkaline soils are
toxic for plants. Activities such as livestock farming and forestry
depend to a great extent on the natural vegetation.
 HUMAN FACTORS IN AGRICULTURE

Agricultural landscapes are the result of human activity. Both

natural and human factors determine agricultural activity, the
latter making it possible to supplement natural factors. Population
growth and certain technological advances are contributing to the
overfishing of natural resources that are causing serious
ecological and environmental damage.
The human factors that influence agriculture are:

Population Growth Population growth means

that more space is needed for farming and
grazing. Results:

• Natural soil is used and vegetation is lost.

• In some cases, deforestation has serious
environmental consequences.
• In some areas, animal species are endangered.
b. Technological progress The evolution of technology affects the
cultivation of land. In traditional societies, farmers use very simple
tools such as * shovels *, hoe *, sickles *, and plows *. The latest
equipment and materials are used in advanced societies such as
tractors, spreaders, fertilizers and computers.
• Technology makes it possible to change adverse natural
conditions. Fertilizers are used to increase the nutrients in the
soil. Alternatively, some of the land is left uncultivated (fallow
soil *) to restore fertility. Crops can be irrigated * to produce
more; chemicals are used to kill pests *; greenhouses are built
to protect crops. Cows are stored in the stables. Vocabulary
Slate Hazada brings team vocabulary plague.
Agricultural landscapes have three elements in common which
are: fields, rural settlement and the cultivation systems.
Small, irregular fields and ones enclosed by hedges or trees are
usually the result of the natural land relief or long historical
evolution.
Each field is an area of land dedicated to one particular crop and
separated from other fields by borders.
b. The systems of cultivation The cultivation systems are the
techniques system used to obtain the agricultural products.
*Dry farming (agricultura de secano) is when the crops only
receive the natural precipitation *Irrigation* farming (agricultura
de regadío) is when the farmer provides additional water from
rivers, wells or springs /sprinkles (aspersores).
Agriculture can be intensive (intensiva) if the maximum use is
made of the land (high yield), or extensive (extensiva) (low yield).
In subsistence agriculture (agricultura de subsistencia), the
products are used to feed the farmer and his/her family, and in
commercial agriculture (agricultura de mercado), they are sold on
the domestic or international market.
Rural settlement is the way the agricultural population is
distributed in the area.
• In disperse rural settlement, the farmers’/workers’ houses are
separated from each other and surrounded by agricultural land.
• In intermediate rural settlement the population is distributed in
a combination of these two, some houses are isolated and others
are grouped together in villages.
5. TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES In traditional
agriculture farmers practise subsistence agriculture, they use
primitive technology and it involves a great deal of labour.
A. Itinerant or ‘slash and burn’ agriculture (Agricultura itinerante)
This type of agriculture is typical in the equatorial and tropical
climates of Africa, Central and South America.
B. Dry sedentary agriculture This type of agriculture is found in
the tropical savannah areas of Africa and in certain regions of
South America and Asia.
The agricultural landscape is composed of vegetable plots and
small fields, near the houses, which are fertilised with waste
andanimal manure*.
The land around the village is divided into three areas where a
main crop (millet or maize) is rotated with another,
complementary one (peanut or tubers) and fallow land (where
cattle feed and fertilise it with their dung*).
C. Monsoon irrigation agriculture This type of agriculture is found
in the monsoon tropical climate zone of south and south-east Asia,
in countries such as China, Vietnam, Cambodia or the Philippines.
The typical agricultural landscape is rice paddies*, on the alluvial*
plains and the river deltas.
Developed agricultural landscape she main activity is the
cultivation of rice in small, floodable paddies, separated by
dykes*.
6. DEVELOPED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPESWhat are the main
characteristics and geographical distribution?
• Developed agricultural landscapes are those where farmers
practice market agriculture, use advanced technology and
require less intensive labour than traditional agricultural
systems. The agricultural landscape is characterised by large,
regular fields, with the use of the most advanced technology
and very little labour. The land normally belongs to highly-
trained farmers or large companies which also control the
processing, distribution and sale of the products. In the United
States, for example, agricultural land forms belts specialised in
the production of one crop (wheat*, maize*, tobacco, cotton,
etc.).In drier areas, extensive livestock farming is common
(cattle or sheep), for the production of meat, wool and leather
vocabulary.
LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS Which animals are most
commonly reared in the region where you live? The evolution of
livestock farming Traditionally, livestock farming has performed
two functions:
• The perfect complement of agriculture, providing food, animals
to work and manure for fields.
• And sometimes livestock farming was the dominant activity,
especially in those areas where the natural characteristics were
not favourable for agriculture:
• on the edges of deserts
• temperate prairies, tropical savannahs • cool, humid areas of
the oceanic climate.
B. Transhumant livestock farming is found in some mountainous
regions of America, Asia and North Africa.

Market livestock farming systems Market livestock farming is

characteristic of developed areas with temperate climates.
There are two types:

• A In extensive livestock farming, the livestock graze* (pastorea)

in the open air on pasture land, so it does not require much
investment in labour and capital: North American and Australian
ranches, or the Argentinean Pampas.
•Fishing and fishing grounds Fishing is any activity which obtains
natural products from the sea.

Types of fishing and techniques Depending on the level of

development, fishing can be artisanal or industrial.

• Artisanal fishing uses small boats and ships, traditional

techniques and little labour, so production is small and is intended
for the local market.

• Industrial fishing uses large factory ships with modern

technology (radar, sonar) and a great deal of labour, the
production is abundant and is intended for sale on the domestic
or international market.
TIMELINE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES