Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 62 views

    QBM 101 Business Statistics: Department of Business Studies Faculty of Business, Economics & Accounting HE LP University

    Uploaded by

    Vân Hải
    QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    QBM 101 Business Statistics: Department of Business Studies Faculty of Business, Economics & Accounting HE LP University

    Uploaded by

    Vân Hải
    62 views34 pages
    QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2

    Original Title

    QBM101_chapter2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    62 views34 pages

    QBM 101 Business Statistics: Department of Business Studies Faculty of Business, Economics & Accounting HE LP University

    Uploaded by

    Vân Hải
    QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2 QBM101_chapter2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 34

    QBM 101 Business Statistics

    Department of Business Studies


    Faculty of Business, Economics &
    Accounting
    HE
    SUBJECT OUTLINE:
     Module 1: Introduction;
    and graphing data; organizing
    descriptive measures numerical

     Module 2: Probability, discrete random


    variables; continuous random variables
    and the normal distribution

     Module 3: Sampling distributions;


    estimation; hypothesis testing

     Module 4: Simple linear regression


    CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZING
    AND GRAPHING DATA
     2.1 Organizing and
    graphing
    qualitative data
     2.2 Organizing and
    graphing
    quantitative data
     2.3 Cumulative
    frequency distributions

    TABLE 2.1 AGES OF 50 STUDENTS (QT)

    Raw data, ungrouped data vs. grouped data


    TABLE 2.2 STATUS OF 50 STUDENTS (QL)
    EXAMPLE 2-1
    A sample of 30 persons who often consume
    donuts were asked what variety of donuts was
    their favourite. The responses from these 30
    persons were as follows:
    glazed filled other plain glazed other
    frosted filled filled glazed other frosted
    glazed plain other glazed glazed filled
    frosted plain other other frosted filled
    filled other frosted glazed glazed filled

    Construct a frequency distribution table for


    these data.
    EXAMPLE 2-1: SOLUTION
    TABLE 2.4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FAVOURITE
    DONUT VARIETY
    f
    Relative frequency of a category

    f
    Percentage = Relative frequency100%

    Example 2-2: Determine the relative frequency


    and percentage for the data in Table 2.4.
    FIGURE 2.1 BAR GRAPH / BAR CHART FOR THE
    FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TABLE 2.4
    TABLE 2.6 CALCULATING ANGLE SIZES FOR
    THE PIE CHART
    FIGURE 2.2 PIE CHART FOR THE PERCENTAGE
    DISTRIBUTION OF TABLE 2.5.
    Exercise 1: 2.4 The following data give the results of a
    sample survey. The letters Y, N, and D represent the three
    categories.
    N N N Y Y Y N Y D
    N YYYYNYYN
    ND DYYDDNN
    NYN YYNNYY
    NNDY

    a. Prepare a frequency distribution


    table.
    b. Calculate the relative frequencies and
    percentages for all
    categories.
    c. What percentage of the elements in
    this sample belong to
    category Y?
    d. What percentage of the elements in
    TABLE 2.7 WEEKLY EARNINGS OF 100 EMPLOYEES
    OF A COMPANY
    The class boundary is given by the midpoint of the
    upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next
    class.

    Class width = Upper boundary – Lower boundary

    Lower limit  Upper limit


    Class midpoint or mark 
    2
    Largest value -
    Approximate class width 
    Smallest value
    Numb
    er of
    EXAMPLE 2-3
    The following data give the total number
    of iPods® sold by a mail order company on each
    of
    30 days. Construct a frequency
    distribution table.
    8 25 11 15 29 22 10 5 17 21
    22 13 26 16 18 12 9 26 20 16
    23 14 19 23 20 16 27 16 21 14
    EXAMPLE 2-3: SOLUTION

    29  5
    Approximate width of each class  5  4.8  5
    The 5 classes are 5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24,and 25 –
    29.
    TABLE 2.9 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR THE
    DATA ON IPODS SOLD
    f
    Frequency of that class
    Relative frequency of a class  Sum of all frequencies
     
    f
    Percentage  (Relative frequency) 
    100%
    GRAPHING GROUPED DATA
     In a histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to
    each other.

    FIGURES 2.3 & 2.4 FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM


    AND
    RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
    POLYGON
     A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops
    of successive bars in a histogram with straight
    lines is called a polygon.
    WRITING AND LABELLING CLASSES
     (i) 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29 (discrete data)
     (ii) 4.5, 9.5, 14.5, 19.5, 24.5, 29.5

    36  x  39, 39  x  42, 42  x  45, etc (continuous


    data)
    EXAMPLE 2-6
    The administration in a large city wanted to
    know the distribution of vehicles owned by
    households in that city. A sample of 40
    randomly selected households from this city
    produced the following data on the number
    of vehicles owned:
    5 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1
    1 3 3 0 2 5 1 2 3 4
    2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
    4 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 3
    Construct a frequency distribution table
    and bar chart for these data using single-
    value classes.
    SHAPES OF HISTOGRAM
     Symmetric histograms

     (a) Skewed to the right / positively skewed and


    (b) Skewed to the left / negatively skewed

     Uniform
    (a) and (b) Symmetric frequency curves.
    (c)Frequency curve skewed to the
    right/positively skewed
    (d)Frequency curve skewed to the
    left/negatively skewed
    EXERCISE 2:
    2.20 The following data give the numbers of computer
    keyboards assembled at the Twentieth Century
    Electronics Company for a sample of 25 days.

    45 52 48 41 56 46 44 42 48 53 51 53 51
    48 46 43 52 50 54 47 44 47 50 49 52

    a.Construct a frequency distribution table for


    these data. (use the class 41-44, 45-48, etc)
    b. Calculate the relative frequencies for all classes.
    c. Construct a histogram for the relative
    frequency
    distribution.
    d. Construct a polygon for the relative
    frequency
    A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number
    of values that fall below the upper boundary of each class.
    Cumulative frequency of a class
    Cumulative relativefrequency  Total observations in the data
    set
    Cumulative percentage  (Cumulative relativefrequency) 100
    OGIVE
    An ogive is a curve drawn for the cumulative
    frequency distribution by joining with straight lines the
    dots marked above the upper boundaries of classes at
    heights equal to the cumulative frequencies of respective
    classes.
    Exercise 3: 2.34
    Number of Galloons Number of customers
    0 to less than 4 31
    4 to less than 8 78
    8 to less than 12 49
    12 to less than 16 81
    16 to less than 20 117
    20 to less than 24 13

    a. Prepare a cumulative frequency distribution.


    b. Calculate the cumulative relative frequencies and
    cumulative percentages for each class.
    c. Find the percentage of customers who purchased less
    than 16 galloons.
    d. Draw an ogive for the cumulative percentage
    distribution.
    e. Using the ogive, estimate the percentage of customers
    who purchased less than 10 galloons.
    In a stem-and-leaf display of quantitative data, each value
    is divided into two portions – a stem and a leaf. The
    leaves for each stem are shown separately in a display.
    EXAMPLE 2-8
    The following are the scores of 30 college
    students on a statistics test:

    Construct a stem-and-leaf display.

    Legend: 5|0 means 50 marks


    Example 2-9: The following data give the monthly rents
    paid by a sample of 30 households selected from a
    small town.

    Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data.

    Legend: 6|30 means RM 630


    EXERCISE 4:
    2.48: The following data give the time (in minutes)
    that each of 20 students waited in line at their
    bookstore to pay for their textbooks in the
    beginning of Spring 2009 semester. (Note: To
    prepare a stem-and-leaf display, each number in
    this data set can be written as a two-digit number.
    For example, 8 can be written as 08, for which the
    stem is 0 and the leaf is 8.)

    15 23 21 5 17 31 22 34 6
    8
    5 10 14 17 16 25 30 3 31 19
    Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data.
    Arrange the leaves for each stem in increasing
    order.
    SUMMARY
     Qualitative (QL) data: relative
    frequency, bar chart, pie chart
     Quantitative (QT) data: relative
    frequency, histogram (class width,
    boundary, midpoint/mark), polygon,
    ogive
     Cumulative frequency, relative
    cumulative frequency
     Stem-and-leaf display

    You might also like