DRAVYA

BY
G. ASRITHA
GUIDE PG SCHOLAR CO-GUIDE
DR. Venkata Shivudu D E P T O F S A M H I TA & S I D D A N TA
Dr. Gopala Krishnaiah
M.D (AYU) M.D (AYU)
DR. Pallavi Gupta
M.D (AYU)
 Introduction

• Dravya is one of the shatpadartha accepted by Vaisheshika and Ayurvedika

philosophies.
Acc to Vaiseshika Acc to Charaka
Dravya Saamaanya
Guna Visesha
Karma Guna
Saamaanya Dravya
Visesha Karma
Samavaaya Saamavaaya

• Among 6 categories dravya is the nodal point with which all the five are attached.

1
 Nirukti :-

The term Dravya is derived from the Sanskrit root “dru”. This means gati or to go.

दु गमने

1. द्रवति गच्छति परिणाम मभीक्ष्णमिति द्रव्यम् |

Dravya is that which goes always i.e undergoes transformation.

2. द्रवति गच्छति संयोग विभागादि गुनानिति द्रव्यम् |

Dravya is that which goes i.e attain properties such as union and disunion.

2
 Definition / Lakshana :

1. यत्राश्रिता: कर्मगुणा: कारणं समवायि यत् द्रव्यम् | (च.सू-1/51)

2. द्रव्यलक्षणं तु क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणमिति | (सु.सू -40/2)

3. क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणमिति द्रव्यलक्षणम् | (V.su -1/15)

It is the substratum of the action and qualities and is the coexistent cause is
known as substance (dravya).

3
 Dravya sankhya :-
1. खादिन्यात्मा मन: काल: दिशश्च द्रव्यसंग्रहं | (च.सू-1/48)
2. पृथ्वी व्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि | (वि.सू-5)
3. तत्र द्रव्याणि पृथ्वि व्यप्तेजो वय्वाकाशकालदिगात्मनांसि | (T.s-1/3)
 Dravya classification :-
i. 1. Karana dravyas
2. Karya dravyas

1. Karana dravyas
Panchamahabhuta + kala + Manas + Dik + Atma

2. Karya dravyas
- These are aparisankhya
- These are classified into 2 groups
i . Chetana - सेन्द्रियं चेतन
ii . Achetana - निरेन्द्रियं अचेतनम्

4
 Karya dravyas

Chetana Achetana

Antahchetana Bahirchetana Khanija Kritrima

1. Vanaspati 1. Jarayuja
2. Vanaspatya 2. Swedaja
3. Aushadha 3. Andaja
4. Virudha 4. udbija
ii. According to Drugs :-

1. Dosa prasamana
2. Dhatu pradusana
3. Swastavrittakara

5
iii. According to Origin :
1. Jangama dravyas
2. Audbhida dravyas
3. Parthiva dravyas

iv. According to Rasa : 6

Madhura, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

V. According to Mahabhutas : 5
Parthivya etc..

vi. According to Virya : 2

1. Sheeta
2. Usna

vii. According to Vipaka : 3

1. Madhura
2. Amla
3. Lavana
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 Panchamahabhuta :-

Bhuta :

The term bhuta is made od 2 words i.e. Boo + kta

न जायते अन्यतो यत्तु यस्मात् अन्यात् प्रजायते |

सगुणानां उपादानं तद् भूतं इति कथ्यते || (Panchabhuta vignana)
• The meaning of the word Bhuta is that which has its identity and existence. Bhutas
are not formed or created by any things or elements.

• Bhutas are 5 in number and they further give origin to panchamahabhutas.

• Bhutas are said to be Karana dravyas and nitya. They cannot be destroyed. They are
also said to be sukshma and Indriya ateeta to the contrary, Mahabhutas are karya
dravyas. This explains cause (Bhuta) and effect (mahabhuta) relationship between
bhuta and mahabhuta.

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Panchamahabhuta :-

1. Prithvi
2. Ap
3. Teja
4. Vayu
5. Akasa

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 Prithvi Ap Tejo Vayu Akasa
Gunas Guru Drava Teekshna Ruksha Mridu
Kathina Snigdha Usna Sukshma Sukshma
Vishada Sheeta Ruksha Laghu Laghu
Manda Guru Sukshma Vishada Vishada
Saandra Manda Laghu Vikasi Slakshna
Sthula Saandra Vishada Vyavayi Vyavaayi
Sthira Sara Rupa Sheeta Sheeta
Gana Mridu Sparsha Khara
Picchita Shabda
Rasa
Karma Upachaya Upakleda Daha Ruksha Mriduta
Gourava Sneha Paka Laghu Soushirya
Sanghaata Bandha Prakasha Vishada Laghuta
Sthairya Vishyanda Prabha Glani
Maardava Vamya Vicharada
Prahlada

9
 1. Akasha
 Nirukti :-
The word Akasha has been derived from the root ‘Kasr’ used in the sense of the
diptii glittering and light.

 Paryaya :-

Aakaasam, Ambharam, Anantam, Antareeksham, Gaganam, Kham, Nabhas,

Viyat, Vyoman etc.

10
 Origin :-

1. According to Tai.upa :-
तस्माद्वा येतस्मादात्मन: आकाश: सम्भूत: |
Akasa is originated from the supreme consciousness Paramatma.

2. According to Sankhya darshana :-

It is originated from the शब्द तन्मात्र .

3. According to Ayurveda :-
It is originated from आकाश सूक्ष्म भूत

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 Lakshana :-

• शब्द गुणमाकारम् तच्चैकं विभुनित्यं च | (T.S)

The substance in which sabda guna remains permanenetly is called Akasha.
It is one in number, all pervading and extensive.

• सत्व बहुलमाकारम् | (S.Sa-1/27)

It is Satva guna predominant.

 Gunas :-

• शब्द गुणमाकारम् तच्चैकं विभुनित्यं च | (T.S)

Sabda (sound) is a special property of sound. It is one (ekam), omnipresent
(vibhu), eternal (nityam).

• According to Prasastapa Pada Bhasyam, it has 6 properties

शब्द, संख्या, परिमाण, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग .
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 2. Vayu
 Nirukti :-

वा गति गन्धनयोरीति धातु | (S.Su-21/5)

The word Vayu is derived from the root ‘vaa’ which means to move or spread
smell.

 Paryaya :-
Anilah, Paraanah, Sameerah, Sparshanah, vataah.

 Origin :-

1. According to Tai.upa :-
आकाशाद्वायु:|
Vayu is originated from Akasha.

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2. According to Sankhya darshana :-
वायु originates from वायु स्पर्श तन्मात्र.

3. According to Ayurveda :-
वायु सम्भूत .

 Lakshana :-

1. स्पर्शवान् वायु: | (V.Su)

2. स्पर्शरहित स्पर्शवान् वायु: | (T.S)

3. रजो बहलो वायु: | (S.Sa-1/27)

 Gunas :-

According to prasasta pada – 9 properties

स्पर्श, संख्य, परिमाण, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग, परत्व, अपरत्व. 14
Types :- According to Tarka sangraha
वायु

नित्य अनित्य

शरीर इन्द्रिय विषय

बाह्य आभ्यन्तर
वृक्षादिकम्पनहेतु Prana
Udana
Samana
Vyana
Apana

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 3. Teja
 Origin :-

1. According to Tai.upa :-
वायोरग्नि:
2. According to Sankhya darshana :-
originates from रूप तन्मात्र.

3. According to Ayurveda :-
originated from सूक्ष्म महाभूत

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 Lakshana :-

1. तेजो रूपस्पर्शवत् | (V.Su)

2. सत्वरजो बहुलोग्नि | (S.Sa-1/20)

3. उष्ण स्पर्शवत् अग्नि: | (T.S)

 Gunas :-
According to PPB = 11

रूप, स्पर्श, संख्य, परिमाण, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग, परत्व, अपरत्व, द्रवत्व, संस्कार.

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Types :- 1. According to Tarka sangraha
अग्नि

नित्य अनित्य

शरीर इन्द्रिय विषय

(आदित्यलोके ) (चक्षु)

भौम द्रव्य औदर्य आकरज

वह्न्यादिकम् विघुत परिणाम सुवर्णणादि

2. According to Acharya Sankara

i. Rupa sparsa tejas iii. Sparsha unubhuta tejas

ii. Rupa anubhuta sparsa tejas iv. Anbhuta rupa sparsha tejas

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 4. Jala
 Paryaya :-

Aapyam, Audakam, Vaariti, Ambu, Neeram etc.

 Origin :-

1. According to Tai.upa :-
अग्नोरूप:

2. According to Sankhya darshana :-

originates from रसतन्मात्र .

3. According to Ayurveda :-
originated from सूक्ष्मभूत

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 Lakshana :-

1. सत्व तमो बहुला आप:| (S.Saa-1/20)

2. रूप रसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रव: स्निग्धा: | (V.S)

 Gunas :-

1. According to Vai.Su :

रूप रसस्पर्शवत्य आपो द्रव: स्निग्धा: | (V.S)

2. According to PPB – 14 properties

रूप, रस, स्पर्श, द्रवत्व, स्नेह, संख्य, परिमाण, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग, परत्व, अपरत्व, गुरुत्व, संस्कारवत्य .

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Types :- According to Tarka sangraha
जल

नित्य अनित्य

शरीर इन्द्रिय विषय

(वरुणलोके ) (रसनम्) (सरित्समुद्रादि:)

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 5. Prithvi
 Paryaya :-
Bhoomi, Kshmaa, Kshith, Dharanee, Dhatree, Bhaumam, Vipula, Jagat, Daatra etc.

 Origin :-

1. According to Tai.upa :-
आप: क्षितिस्थाता

2. According to Sankhya darshana :-

originates from गन्ध तन्मात्र .

3. According to Ayurveda :-
originated from पृथ्वी सूक्ष्मभूत

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 Lakshana :-

1. तमोबहुलो पृथिवीति |(S.Sa-1/13)

2. रुपरस स्पर्श गन्धवी पृथिवी |(V.Su)

3. तत्र गन्धवती पृथिवी | (T.S)

 Gunas :-

According to PPB – 14 properties

रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श, संख्य, परिमाण, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग, परत्व, अपरत्व, गुरुत्व, द्रवत्व, संस्कार .

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Types :-
पृथ्वी

नित्य अनित्य

शरीर इन्द्रिय विषय

(अस्मदादीनाम) (गन्धग्रह्व) (मृत पाषाणा )

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Applied aspects :
 Panchamahabhuta and Tridosas :-
Vata = Vayu + Akasha
Pitta = Agni + Jala
Kapha = Prithvi + Jala

 Role of Panchamahabhuta (PMB) in Ayurveda :-

Role of PMB in the formation & development of Garbha or foetus i.e., vibajana,
paka, kledana, sanghatana, vivradha.
 All the tissues / organs of our body made of PMB
1. Prithvi = Nails, bones, teeth, flesh, skin, hairs, moustache, tendons, nose etc.
2. Aapya = Lymph, blood, muscle, fat, sweat, semen, body fluids etc.
3. Teja = Vision, temperature, colour etc.
4. Vayavya = Inhalation, exhalation etc.
5. Aakashiya = Channels, lumens, orifices, ducts etc.
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 Relation with Agni :

1. Jataragni
2. Dhatvagni
3. Bhutagni

 Relation with Sadrasas :

1. Madhura = Prithvi + Jala
2. Amla = Prithvi + Agni
3. Lavana = Jala + Agni
4. Tikta = Vayu + Aakasha
5. Katu = Vayu + Agni
6. Kashaya = Vayu + prithvi

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 6. Kaala
 Nirukti :-

The word kaala is formed by adding the K and aa of the word kaala and la of the
root lee
क + अ + ल = काल
 Paryaya :-
Kaalah, Distah, Anehaa, Samayah.

 Definition :-
1. स सूक्ष्मामपि कला न लीयते इति काल: संकलयति कालयति वा भुतानीति काल: | (S.Su-6/3)
Acc to Susruta, time is called kaala, as it does not dissolve even a minute fraction.
It count or adds up the living things.

27
2. संकलयति संहरणादेकराशी करोति भुतानितिवा | (Dalhana on S.Su-6/3)
It put an end to life and make all one.

3. संकलयति सुखदु:खाभ्यां भूतानीति वा काल: | (Dalhana on S.Su-6/3)

Adding up of pleasure and pain to living things.

4. कलयति संक्षिपयतीति वा काल: | (Dalhana on S.Su-6/3)

Abridge the life.

5. अतीतादि व्यवहारहेतु काल: | स चैको विभुर्नित्यञ्च | (T.S)

It is a responsible factor for the knowledge of past, present and future.

6. कलनात् सर्वभूतानाम् स काल परिकीर्तित: | (Dalhana)

The factor responsible for creation of all beings is Kaala.

7. काल पुन: परिणाम:| (C.Vi-8/76)

Kala is nothing but a process of transformation into seasons, solistics etc.
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8. कालयति मृत्युसमीपं नयति वा इति काल: |
The substance which leads everyone towards death is Kaala.

 Gunas :-

संख्या, परिणाम, पृथक्त्व, संयोग, विभाग

29
 Bhedas :-

1. Acc to A.H

Akshinimesha = 1 Matra
15 matra = 1 Kastha
30 Kastha = 1 kala
20 1/10 Kala = 1 Nadika
2 Nadika = 1 Muhurtha
3 ¾ Muhurtha = 1 Yama
4 yama = 1 Day / Night
15 Day night = 1 Paksha
2 Paksha = 1 Month
2 Months = 1 Ritu
3 Ritu = 1 Ayana
2 Ayana = 1 Varsha

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2. According to Srimad Bhagawata :-

 It presents more minute division of time.

 Acc to this combination of 2 paramanus is called Anu.
 3 Anu‘s cpmbination make a trasasrenu which can be seen in a beem of sunrays
coming through the window.
 The time taken by the sunrays in crossing their trasasrenu is called Truti.

100 Truthi = 1 vedha

3 Vedha = 1 Lava
3 Lava = 1 Nimesa
3 Nimesa = 1 Ksana
5 Ksana = 1 Kastha
15 Kastha = 1 Laghu
15 Laghu = One nadika
2 Nadika = One muhurtha

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3. Acc to Charaka Samhita :-

i. Samvastra / Nityaga
ii. Aturavastha

4. Acc to Susruta Samhita :-

Time taken to spell a short vowel – 1 Wink

15 Winks = 1 Kaashtaa
30 Kaashtaa = 1 Kaala
30 Muhurta = 1 Day & night (Ahoratra)
15 Days & nights = 1 Fortnight (Paksha)
2 Pakshas = 1 Maasa
2 Maasa = 1 Ritu
3 Ritu = 1 Ayana
2 Ayana = 1 Samvatsara
5 Years = 1 Yuga
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 Applied aspects :-

1. कालजस्त्वेव पुरुष: कालजातस्य चामया: |

जगत् कालवशं सर्वं काल: सर्वप्रकारणम् || (C.Su-25/25)
Ayurveda consider that the living person is the product of time. Diseases
occurring to persons are also considered to be caused by time. The whole universe is
under control.

2. जीवशरोश्यो: संयोग: जीवनं तदवच्छिन्न काल: आयु | (B.P Poo- 1/4)

Life implies the life time of person.

3. संयोग: ध्रुवं चतुर्णां सन्निध्यात् गर्भ: स्याद् विधिपूर्वक:|

ऋतु क्षेत्रांभु बीजानां सामग्र्यादंकु शे यथा || (S.Saa-2/33)
Time has avital role in birth. It requires proper time, field, water & seed for a
plant to sprout.

4. कालस्य परिणानेन जरामृत्यु निमित्तज | (C.Sa-1/115)

It is considered that death occurs due to the transformation of time.
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5. वयोहरात्रिभुक्तानां तेन्ति मध्यदिगा: क्रमात् | (A.H-1/8)
Vata dosa is predominant in old age, in afternoon, late night & at the end of
digestion.
Pitta dosa is predominant in middle age, in mid day, in mid night & at the
middle of digestion.
kapha dosa is predominant in early age, in forenoon, in early part of night & at
the early of digestion.

6. त्रिविधं बलं - सहजं, कालजं, युक्तिकृ त | (C.Su-11/36)

7. कालार्थ कर्मणां योगो हीनमित्यातिमात्रक: |

सम्यग्योगस्च विज्ञेयो रोगारोग्यैक कारणम् || (A.H.Su-1/19)
In etiology, time is one of the 9 classes of etiological factors time, object,
action. It is one of the improper union of these three factor that causes disease.

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8. जनपदमुध्वसन्ति तेतु खल्विमे भावा: सामान्या जनपदेषु भवन्ति तद्यथा वायु: उदकं देश: काल इति | (C.Vi-3/6)
The common factors of all the inhabitants of country are air, water, location,
time & vitiation of these factors leads to the simultaneous manifestation of disease
having the same set of symptoms leading to the ion of the countries.

9. निर्दिष्टं दैवशब्देन कर्म यत्पौर्वदेहिकम् |

हेतुस्तदपि कालेन रोगाणामुपलभ्यते || (C.Sa-1/116)
Time factor is also responsible for the diseases occurring due to the actions of
previous life.

10. असात्मेन्द्रिय संयोग प्रज्ञापराध परिणास्चेति | (C.Su-11/10)

11. Charaka says use of anjana once in five/ eight but not in day time.

12. न नक्तं दधिं भुञ्जीत | (C.Su-7/61)

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13. In C.Su-5/33-34
Eight times are prescribed for prayogiva Vata and Kapha get vitiated during those.
That is after bathing, eating, tongue scraping, sneezing, brushing the teeth, inhalation of
medicated materials, after application of collyrium & after sleep.

14. Ritucharya is a very important aspect of Ayurveda which shows the partial use of
time in our daily life.

15. सप्तविध व्याध्य:| (S.Su-24/5)

आदिबल प्रवृत्ता, जन्मबल प्रवृत्ता, दोषबल प्रवृत्ता, संघातबल प्रवृत्ता, कालबल प्रवृत्ता, दैवबल प्रवृत्ता, स्वभावबल प्रवृत्ता इति |

16. Kriyakala (S.Su-21)

36
In treatment aspect :-

• Therapy courses are selected and fixed for particular periods.

Types of Vasti = Kala, yoga, karma

• Administration of medicines.
• Incubation period.
• Some diseases occur only at specific times
E.g. Cataract seen only at old age
• Some symptoms of diseases related to time.
E.g. Morning stiffness, Morning sickness in pregnancy.
• Prognosis of disease in many diseases related to time. Usually new diseases are
curable. Whereas chronic diseases depends are usually incurable.
• In preparation of medicines time is an important factor.
E.g. Asava, Aristas it should be kept for sometime for fomentation.
• Collection of herbs, herb parts is related with specific seasons / days.

37
 7. Dik
 Nirukti :-

दिश्यते इति दिक् |

That which is seen is dik. Dik and Desa are the terms developed from the basic verb
root dis means to point out, to indicate or to slow.

 Synonyms :-

Dishah, Kaubah, kashthah, Aasah and Haritah.

 Lakshanas :-
प्राच्य दिव्यवहार हेतुर्दिक् |
सा चौका विभ्वी नित्या च || (T.S)
Direction is the cause of conventional expressions like east etc. It is singular, all
pervading, eternal.

38
 Gunas :- Acc to PPB

Sankhya, Parinama, Prithaktwa, Samyoga, Vibhaga.

 Bheda :-
Prachi - East
Pratichi - West
Udichi - North
Avachi - South
Shana - North east
Vayavya - North west
Nairiti - South west
Agneya - South east
Urdhwa desha - Upper direction
Adho desha - Lower direction

39
Applied aspect :-

• Construction of Rasa shala – vastu, house.

• 3 types of desha – Anupa, Sadharana, Jangala.

• Vindhya & Sandhya range are responsible for disease of the head, heart. Obstinate
skin disease including leprosy and filaria.

• Collection of herbs.

• Types of dosha gati.

• Anatomical regions are also very important.

• Ayana = 1. Dakshina 2. Uttara.

40
• A.H – 5/8,9,10,11,12

1. Himalaya, Malaya mountains = Good for health

2. Stagnated = Krimi, Slipada, Hridroga, Kantaroga, siriroga
3. Prachya, Avanti, Aporanta, Mahendra = Arsas, udara roga, Slipada
4. Sahya vindhya = Kushta, Pandu, Siroroga

• (Ka.Khi-16/44-45)
For the first time, infant should be seated on the earth facing east
(Pragnamukha) or West.

41
 In treatment aspect :-

1. Disease the direction of flow is considered E.g. i. Urdhwa gati ii. Adho gati.

2. Vamana, virechana karma.

3. Abhyanga, udvartana.

4. Pumsavana karma.

5. Rasayana, Kutipraveshika.

6. Prognosis of some diseases like oedema.

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 8. Manas
 Nirukti :-
The word Manas has been derived from the मन् or Manu which means knowledge.
मननात् मन: |
मन्यते ज्ञायते अनेन इति मन: |

 Paryaya :-
Cittam, Cetah, Hridayam, Hrt, Maanasam, Manah.

 Definition :-
1. लक्षणं मनसो ज्ञानस्याभावो भाव एव च ||
सति ह्यात्मेन्द्रियार्थानाम् संनिकर्षे न विध्यते |
वैवृत्यान्मनसो ज्ञानं सन्निध्यात्तच्च वर्तते || (C.Sa-1/18-19)
Mind is established by the absence and presence of knowledge when other
factors for production of knowledge are there.

43
 2. आत्मेन्द्रियार्थसंनिकर्ष ज्ञानस्य भावोभावस्च मनसो लिङ्गं | (V.Su-3)
The appearance and non-appearance of knowledge on contact of the soul with
the senses and their objects are the marks of existence of the mind.

3. मन: पुरस्सशणीन्द्रियाण्य ग्रहण समर्थानि भवन्ति | (C.Su-8/7)

The sense faculties are capable of perceiving their respective objects only
when they are motivated by Manas.

 Gunas :-

1. अणुत्वमथ चैकत्वं द्वौ गुणो मनस: स्मृतौ | (C.Sa-1/11)

2. तस्य गुण: संख्य परिमाणपृथक्त्व संयोग विभाग परत्वापरत्व संस्कार | (P.P.P)

44
 Karma :-

इन्द्रियाभिग्रह:कर्म मनस: स्वस्थ निग्रह: |

अहीविचारश्च तत: परं बुद्धि: प्रवर्तते || (C.Sa-1/11)
The actions of mind are to capture the faculties (indriyabhigraha), to control itself
(Svasya-nigraha) to deduce (ooha) and to contemplate (vicara).

 Mano vishaya :-

चिन्त्यं विचार मूह्यश्च ध्येयं सङ्कल्यमेव च |

यक्तिञ्चित मनसो ज्ञेयं तत्सर्वं ह्यर्थ संन्यकम् || (C.Sa-1/20)

 Mano adhistana :-

Author Sthana
Charaka, Susruta Hridaya
Bhela Siras
Sarangadara Nabhi
45
Applied aspects :-

1. Trigunas : satva, rajas, tamas

2. According to Charaka sutra 8/4 = Manas, buddhi, chitta & ahamakara jointly called as
the antah karana chatustaya.

3. Manas has got specific place in treatment. It has been accepted as a seat of disease.

4. समदोष: समाग्निश्च समाधातु मलक्रिय: |

प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रिय मन: स्वस्थ इत्यभिधीयते || (S.Su)
The equilibrium of dosas, dhatus,malas, agni’s, the happiness of soul, senses, manas
is essential for the ideal health.

5. मनसो ज्ञान विज्ञान धैर्य स्मृति समाधिभि: | (C.Su-1/58)

Spiritual & scriptural knowledge, patience, memory, meditation.

46
6. अचेतनं क्रियावच्च मनस्चेतयिता पर: || (C.Sa-1/75)
Mind is active and devoid of consciousness.

7. Examination of satva has got its importance while examination of patient.

8. Unmada, Apasmara, Mada, Murcha, Pralapa, Bhrama, Vaicitya, Moha, Tandra all
related to the manasika roga.

9. In the same way Bhayaja atisara.

10. Sattvavajaya chikitsa.

11. Medhya rasayana have been described for improving the mental facilities and
treating the mental disorders.

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 9. Atma
 Nirukti :-
The word Atma is derived from the “Ath / Ap” dhatu means which spreads all over
and moving forever respectively.

 Synonyms :-

Pirushah, Vibuh, Avyakta, Kshetrajnch etc.

 Definition :-
1. ज्ञानधिकरणमात्मा | (T.S)
The knowledge of substratum is Atma.

48
2. निर्षकार: परस्त्वात्मा सत्वभूत गुणेन्द्रियै: |
चैतन्य कारणं नित्यो द्रष्टा पश्यति हि क्रिया: || (C.Su-1/56)
The consciousness of living beings is due to soul, so it is called Chetana. dhatu.

 Gunas :-

1. तस्य सुख दु:खे इच्छद्वेषौ प्रयन्त: प्राणा पाननातुन्मेषनिमेषौ संकल्पो विचारणा स्मृतिर्विज्ञान मध्य वसायो
विषयोपलब्धिश्च बुद्धिर्मन: गुणा: | (S.Sa-1/17)

2. According to Nyaya sutra :

इच्छाद्वेष प्रयन्त सुख दु:ख ज्ञानान्यत्मनो लिङ्गनिति|

49
According to Charaka :-
प्राणापानौ निमेषाध्या जीवनं मनसो गति: |
इन्द्रियान्तर संचार: प्रेरणं धारणं च यत् ||
देशान्तर गति: स्वप्ने पञ्चत्व ग्रहणं तथा |
दृष्टस्य दक्षिणेनाक्षणा सव्येनावगमस्तथा ||
इच्छा द्वेषा सुखं दुखं प्रयन्नस्चेतना धृति |
बुद्धि स्मृतिर संहकारो लिङ्गानि परमात्मन: || (C.Sa-1/70-72)

 Types of Atma :-

Types (Kanada) Ayurveda Vishnupurana

Jeevatma Jeevatma Bhutatma
Paramatma Paramatma Indriyatma
Ativahika purusha Paradhanatma
Jeevatma
paramatma

50
1. Paramatma : The absolute soul / supreme soul

• It is beginingless, no birth, it is faultless and so free from birth & death, loss & free
from rajas & tamas.

• It is supreme source of knowledge.

2. Jeevatma :

• It is different in different bodies, all pervading & eternal. It is master of body,

experiences his own karma.

• शरीरं नाम चेतनाधिष्टानाभूतं पञ्चमहाभुत विकारसमुदायात्मकं समयोगवाहि | (C.Sa-6/4) The

body is destructible, changeable, divisible and limited mass of five elements or
Bhutas.

• Synonyms – Rasi purusha, Karma purusha, Jivatma, Samyoga purusha, Chaturvidha

purusha. 51
3. Ativahika / Linga purusha :
• The concept of soul with subtle body is called as Ativahika purusha or Linga purusha.

• This type of soul is responsible for the transmission of Jiva from one to another.

• The sukshma purusha cannot be perceived by any other sense except the divine vision.

• He is omnipresent and can enter in to the any physique, can perform any action and
can take any shape.

• According to Sankhya : 17 elements

Buddhi, 10 indriya, Manas, 5 tanmatra.

• According to Sankhya karika : 18

Mahan, Ahamakara, Manas, 10 indriyas, 5 Panchamahabhutas.

52
 Atmotpatti & Sthana :-

• The atma is neither born nor it dies so said to be Anadi & Ananta.

• Hridaya is the seat of atma. Atma resides in Hridaya & Buddhi. It is responsible for
Smriti & Gnana.

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 Atma gunas :-

Acc to PPB – 14

1. Sankhya
2. Parimaana
3. Prithaktva
4. Samyoga
5. Vibaasa
6. Buddi
7. Sukha
8. Dukha
9. Iccha
10. Dvesha
11. Prayatna
12. Samskaara
13. Dharma
14. Adharma 54
Importance :-

• The atma is responsible for the jnyana when it attains due to its association with the
karanas.

• In Ayurveda Atma is considered as among nine karana dravyas as it provides vitility

and life to the mahabhutas.

• The concept of rebirth is due to Atma leaving a new body in the form of rebirth for
Bhoga of Karmpurusha of previous births.

• चेतनवान् यतञ्चात्मा तत कर्ता विरुच्यते | (C.Sa-1/76)

Soul has consciousness, it is said to be the agent of action.

• आत्मेन्द्रिय मनोर्थानाम् सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते | (C.Su-11/20)

For perception of soul is the essential factor.

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• सत्वमात्मा शरीरश्च त्रयमेतत् त्रिदण्डवत् |
लोकस्तिष्टति संयोगत्तत्र सर्वं प्रतिष्टतम् || (C.Su-1/46)

56
 Conclusion
• The two main goals of Ayurveda are
1. To protect the health of healthy person.
2. To eradicate the disease.
These two goals will be achieved with the help of dravya.

• पाको नस्तिविना वीर्यद्वीर्य नास्ति विनारसात् |

रसो नास्ति विना द्रव्याद् द्रव्यं स्रेष्टं तमं स्मृतम || (S.Su-40/17)
Susruta established the superiority of dravya because rasa & guna etc are
dependent to it, so it is very important from the stand point of treatment.

• These are basic substances, which are responsible to all the changes, creation &
destruction of the universe.

• Maahabhuta are Upadana karana in the production of unconscious world.

• Kala and Dik are nimitta karanas in this creation.

• Combination of Atma & Manas with this factors create conscious world. 57