Fluid Statics: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2014
Chapter 3
FLUID STATICS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• Pressure: Pressure is the force per unit area exerted
by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force
acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all
directions.
• Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure): pressures 2116
above or below the atmosphere and can be
measured by pressure gauges or manometers. A
vacuum is a space that has all matter removed from
it.
• Atmospheric Pressure: pressure at any one point
on the earth’s surface from the weight of the air
above it.
• Absolute Pressure: Absolute pressure is the Note:
• Absolute zero is attained if all air is removed.
pressure above absolute zero It is the lowest possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.
• The smallest gage pressure is equal to the
negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.
2
PASCAL’S LAW
• Pascal’s Law, developed by French mathematician Blaise
Pascal, states that the pressure on a fluid is equal in all
parts of the container.
3
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
4
Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids
5
PRESSURE HEAD
• Pressure Head is the height “h” of a column of homogeneous liquid of unit weight y that will produce
an intensity of pressure p.
𝑝
ℎA
• To convert pressure head (height) of liquid =to liquid B. 𝐸𝑞. 2 − 8
𝛾
𝒔𝑨 𝑝𝐴 𝜸𝑨
ℎ𝑩 = ℎ𝑨 𝒐𝒓 ℎ𝑩 = ℎ𝑨 𝒐𝒓 ℎ = ℎ 𝐸𝑞. 2 − 9
• To convert pressure head (height) 𝑝𝑩 just 𝑩multiply𝑨 𝜸
𝒔𝑩any liquid to water,
of its𝑩height by its specific gravity.
ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑥𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 2 − 10

MANOMETERS
• Manometer is a simple and

inexpensive device of
measuring pressure and
pressure difference. It is usually
bent to form a U-tube and filled
with liquid of known specific
gravity. The surface of the
liquid will move in proportion
to changes of pressure
7
Types of Manometer
Piezometer is the simplest form of

manometer which is tapped into the
wall of pressure conduit for the
purpose of measuring pressure.
Though effective in many purposes,
piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure
and cannot be used to measure gas
pressure.
8
Open Manometer
Open manometer is a tube bent
into a U-shape to contain one
or more fluids of different
specific gravities. It is used to
measure pressure. Example of
open manometer is shown
below.
9
• Differential Manometer
Differential manometer
cannot measure pressure
but can measure pressure
difference. Frequently in
hydraulic problems,
difference in pressure is
more useful information
than the pressure itself.
10
Steps in Solving Manometer Problems
• Ordinarily, it is easier to work in units of pressure head rather than pressure
for solving any manometer problem.
1. Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.
2. Decide on the fluid of which head are to be expressed. Water is more
desirable. In most cases, we suggest to use head in water even if there is no
water in the system.
3. Starting at a point of know pressure head, number in order the levels of
contact of fluids of different specific gravities.
4. Proceed from level to level, add pressure head in going down and subtract
pressure head in going up with due regard to the specific gravity of the fluids.
11
• In the piezometers of the figure shown, liquid stands 1.37 m above point M. What is the pressure at M in kiloPascal if the liquid is (a) water, (b)
oil (sp gr 0.90), (c) mercury, and (d) molasses (sp gr 1.5).
12
• How high will liquid rise in the piezometers of shown in the figure if the pressure at M is 68.95 kPa and the liquid is (a) water, (b) oil
(sp gr 0.85), (c) mercury, (d) brine (sp gr 1.15)?
13
• In the Figure shown, determine the height h of water and the gage reading at A when the absolute pressure at B is
290 kPa.
14
• A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown.The liquid in the top
part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A
is 60 kPa, determine: (a) then pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).
15
• Compute the absolute pressure on point A
16
• A piston having a cross-sectional area of 0.07m2 is located in a cylinder containing water as shown. An open U-tube manometer is
connected to the cylinder as shown. For h1 = 60mm and h = 100 mm, what is the value of the applied force, P, acting on the piston?
The weight of the piston is negligible.
17
• Determine the elevation difference, Δh, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown.
18

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ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑥𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 2 − 10

• Manometer is a simple and

Piezometer is the simplest form of

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