Conceptual Study

• PM Dr. Mohd Nazir Md Zabit

Learning Objectives

• Construct a theoretical and conceptual framework of the study.

• Distinguish between the different types of variables.

• Distinguish between the different types of hypothesis.

Framework

Framework can be derived from related concepts (conceptual) or existing theories

(theoretical)
Theory

• Explains, predicts, & understand phenomena.

• Challenges & expands on existing knowledge of phenomena.

• Uses concepts, system, models, beliefs, or ideas to analyze phenomena.

Theoretical Framework

"The theoretical framework is the “blueprint” for the entire dissertation inquiry. It serves as the guide
on which to build and support your study, and also provides the structure to define how you will
philosophically, epistemologically, methodologically, and analytically approach the dissertation as a
whole. Eisenhart defined a theoretical framework as “a structure that guides research by relying on a
formal theory…constructed by using an established, coherent explanation of certain phenomena and
relationships”

Thus, the theoretical framework consists of the selected theory (or theories) that undergirds your
thinking with regards to how you understand and plan to research your topic, as well as the concepts
and definitions from that theory that are relevant to your topic.
Theoretical Framework

The theory provides a point of focus for attacking the unknown in a specific area.
• If a relationship is found between two or more variables a theory should be
formulated to explain why the relationship exists.
• Theories are purposely created and formulated, never discovered; they can be
tested but never proven.
• The theoretical framework consists of theories that seem to be interrelated.

“an explanation of a phenomenon or an abstract generalization that systematically explains the

relationship among given phenomena, for purposes of explaining, predicting and controlling such
phenomena.”
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is used to limit the scope of the relevant data by

focusing on specific variables and defining the specific viewpoint [framework] that
the researcher will take in analyzing and interpreting the data to be gathered.

It also facilitates the understanding of concepts and variables according to given

definitions and builds new knowledge by validating or challenging theoretical
assumptions.
Theoretical Framework

• Uses of theories in scholarly

literature.

• Apply theory or theories to thesis /

dissertation study.
Conceptual Framework

This consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and sequential design.

• represents less formal structure and used for studies in which existing theory is
inapplicable or insufficient.
• based on specific concepts and propositions, derived from empirical observation
and intuition.
• may deduce theories from a conceptual framework.
Conceptual Framework

• More specific compared to theoretical

framework.

• So theoretical frame just explain the

relationship among variables, while
conceptual framework also add the
dimensions of variable
Construct a Theoretical Framework of the Study

SES

Academic Achievement

Content Knowledge
Construct a Conceptual Framework of the Study

Parents’
Annual Income
Edu. Level CGPA

SES

Academic Achievement

Content Knowledge

Career

Math Science Language

Distinguish Between the Different Types of Variables

An independent variable (IV), sometimes called an experimental or predictor variable, is a variable that is
being manipulated in an experiment in order to observe the effect on a dependent variable (DV), sometimes
called an outcome variable.

SES

IVs Academic Achievement DV

Content Knowledge
Distinguish Between the Different Types of Variables

• Independent variables are those that (probably) cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are also called
treatment, manipulated, antecedent, or predictor variables.

• Dependent variables are those that depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the
influence of the independent variables. Other names for dependent variables are criterion, outcome, and effect
variables.

• Intervening or mediating variables stand between the independent and dependent variables, and they mediate
the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. For example, if students do well on a research
methods test (dependent variable), that result may be due to
• (a) their study preparation (independent variable) and/or
• (b) their organization of study ideas into a framework (intervening variable) that influenced their performance
on the test. The mediating variable, the organization of study, stands between the independent and dependent
variables.
Distinguish Between the Different Types of Variables
Hypothesis

Pengujian hipotesis merupakan kaedah yang paling berkesan untuk membuat

kesimpulan mengenai suatu populasi yang dikaji berpandukan keputusan yang didapati
daripada sampel.

Hipotesis statistik adalah satu kenyataan yang dibuat tentang suatu populasi

The hypothesis can be inductive or deductive, simple or complex, null or alternative.

While the null hypothesis is the hypothesis, which is to be actually tested,
whereas alternative hypothesis gives an alternative to the null hypothesis
Hypothesis

Contoh,

i. Pelajar suka mata pelajaran Sains dalam Bahasa Inggeris berbanding Bahasa Melayu.

ii. Bilangan pelajar perempuan di IPTA lebih ramai daripada lelaki.

iii. Hospital swasta lebih baik daripada hospital kerajaan.

18
Hypothesis

Contoh:

Syarikat minuman ringan telah mengisi 12 liter botol dengan jus. Harapan syarikat tersebut supaya
semua botol tersebut mempunyai purata 12 liter jus. Pengawal kualiti selalunya bimbang terhadap
mesin yang selalu diluar kawalan dan mahu menjalankan ujian hipotesis untuk menentukan sama ada
ia adalah benar. Pengawal kualiti mengharapkan mesin tersebut berfungsi dengan sempurna tetapi ia
juga berminat untuk menentukan sama ada mesin tersebut tidak berfungsi yang akan menghasilkan
botol jus tersebut diisi terlebih atau terkurang.

19
Hypothesis Null & Alternative

• Syarikat Minuman Ringan mengisi 12 liter minuman ringan didalam tin minuman.
• Syarikat berharap bahawa kandungan tin minuman secara puratanya 12 liter.

20
Distinguish Between the Different Types of Hypothesis

Basis For Comparison Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

Meaning A null hypothesis is a statement, in An alternative hypothesis is statement in

which there is no relationship between which there is some statistical significance
two variables. between two measured phenomenon.

Denoted by H0 Ha / H 1

Mathematical formulation Equal sign Unequal sign

Distinguish Between the Different Types of Hypothesis
Definition of Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis in which there is no significant difference exist between the set of variables.
It is the original or default statement, with no effect, often represented by H0 (H-zero). It is always the hypothesis that is
tested.

Definition of Alternative Hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis used in hypothesis testing, which states that there is a significant difference between the set of
variables. It is often referred to as the hypothesis other than the null hypothesis, often denoted by Ha / H1 (H-one).

*The acceptance of alternative hypothesis depends on the rejection of the null hypothesis i.e. until and unless null
hypothesis is rejected, an alternative hypothesis cannot be accepted.