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  • CHEMICAL BONDING - Notes

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    This document discusses different types of chemical bonding: 1. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons from the metal to the non-metal, forming cations and anions held together by electrostatic attraction. 2. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to obtain full outer shells. 3. Metallic bonding is the attraction of delocalized electrons within metal atoms, allowing for conductivity and malleability. 4. Intermolecular forces include van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding between molecules.

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    CHEMICAL BONDING - notes

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    This document discusses different types of chemical bonding: 1. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons from the metal to the non-metal, forming cations and anions held together by electrostatic attraction. 2. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to obtain full outer shells. 3. Metallic bonding is the attraction of delocalized electrons within metal atoms, allowing for conductivity and malleability. 4. Intermolecular forces include van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding between molecules.

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    22 views30 pages

    CHEMICAL BONDING - Notes

    Uploaded by

    P Y
    This document discusses different types of chemical bonding: 1. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals through the transfer of electrons from the metal to the non-metal, forming cations and anions held together by electrostatic attraction. 2. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to obtain full outer shells. 3. Metallic bonding is the attraction of delocalized electrons within metal atoms, allowing for conductivity and malleability. 4. Intermolecular forces include van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding between molecules.

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    of 30

    CHEMICAL

    CHEMICALBONDING
    BONDING

    1
    CHEMICAL BONDING
    1. IONIC BONDING (ELECTROVALENT)
    2. COVALENT BONDING
    3. METALLIC BONDING
    4. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
    I. VAN DER WAALS FORCES
    II. HYDROGEN BONDING

    2
    IONIC BONDING
    1.1. AAchemical bond is a force which holds
    chemical bond is a force which holds two or two or
    more
    moreatoms,
    atoms,ions,
    ions, and andmolecules
    moleculestogether.
    together.
    2.2. This
    This strong
    strongelectrostatic
    electrostaticforce forceofofattraction
    attractionisis
    between
    betweenthe thepositively
    positivelycharged
    chargedandandthe
    the
    negatively charged.
    negatively charged.
    3.3. When
    Whenatoms
    atomsreact
    reacttotoformformchemical
    chemicalbonds,
    bonds,only
    only
    the
    theelectrons
    electronsininthe
    theoutmost
    outmostvalence
    valenceshell
    shellare
    are
    involved.
    involved.
    4.4. The
    Thevalence
    valenceshell
    shellelectrons
    electronsofofan anatom
    atomareare
    represented
    represented(x) (x)oror(.)(.)––Lewis
    Lewisdiagram/structure
    diagram/structure
    orordot and cross diagram
    dot and cross diagram 3
    LEWIS STRUCTURE/DIAGRAM
    1. Suggested by G.N Lewis –American Chemist
    showing the valence electrons of atoms and
    how the valence electrons take part in
    chemical bond formation.

    4
    5
    IONIC BONDING
    Write the EC and Draw Lewis Diagram
    a) Mg c) P

    b) S d) Cl

    6
    OCTET RULE IN THE IONIC BOND

    7
    8
    9
    IONIC BONDING
    Electron Transfer Theory
    1. Ionic bond are electrostatic attractions
    between opposite charged ions.
    2. Usually formed between metallic element
    and non-metallic element.
    3. Element that loses electrons forms a positive
    ions (cation) while the atom that accepts the
    electrons forms a negative ion (anion)

    10
    IONIC BONDING
    Example: Sodium chloride, Na+Cl-
    Na: Cl
    a) Electronic configuration:

    11
    IONIC BONDING
    b) Orbital diagram
    2p

    12
    IONIC BONDING
    By
    Byusing
    usingLewis
    Lewisdiagram
    diagram

    13
    Calcium fluoride, Ca2+F2-
    Ca: F
    a) Orbital diagram

    b) Lewis diagram

    14
    15
    Draw the Lewis diagram
    a) Na2O

    b) KF

    c) BaO

    16
    Draw the Lewis diagram
    d) MgBr2

    17
    Factors influencing the formation of Ionic
    Compound
    1. During the formation of the ionic bond, one
    atom loses electron (metal) and another atom
    accept the electron(non-metal) .
    2. Metals tend to loose electrons and form cation
    because they have low ionisation energy.
    (larger the size and lower the nuclear charge)
    3. Non-metal tend to gain electrons to form
    anions because they have high electrons
    affinities.(the smaller the size and higher the
    nuclear charge)
    18
    Strength of the Ionic Bond
    1. Is a measure of the electrostatic attraction between the
    ions.
    2. The force of attraction between oppositely-charged ions is
    proportional to the charge on the ions and inversely
    proportional to the square of the distance between the
    ions.

    19
    1. The melting point of sodium chloride is higher than
    that of sodium bromide.
    2. The ionic bond in NaCl is stronger than that in NaBr
    because Cl- ion is smaller than that of the Br- ion.

    3. Why melting point of MgCl2 is higher than NaCl.

    20
    21
    Properties of Ionic Compounds

    1. Ionic solid are hard, rigid and brittle because


    the powerful electrostatic forces.
    2. If enough force is applied to overcome the
    attraction ion of like charges are brought
    close together and their repulsion crack the
    crystal.

    22
    IONIC BONDING
    Properties of Ionic Compounds
    3. Most ionic compound do not conduct
    electricity in the solid state but conduct when
    melted or dissolved in water consist of moving
    ions.
    4. High melting and boiling points, has giant
    ionic structures – requires large amount of
    energy. Solid at room temperature.

    23
    COVALENT BONDING
    1. A covalent bond is the force of attraction
    between two adjacent nuclei and the
    electrons that are shared between them.
    2. The covalent bond is usually formed between
    non-metallic elements.

    24
    COVALENT BONDING
    Examples: Atoms of the same non-metallic element

    Atoms of different non-metallic elements

    25
    COVALENT BONDING
    A single covalent bond – a pair of electrons are
    shared between two atoms (each contribute
    one electron to achieve octet configuration.

    26
    COVALENT BONDING
    A doubled bond - when atoms shared two
    electrons each with one another to achieve
    octet configuration.

    A triple bond – each bonding atoms shares three


    electrons with one another.

    27
    Draw the Lewis Structure

    a) Cl2

    b) HF

    c) SiH4
    28
    • d) Ammonia

    • e) CCl4

    • f) Water

    29
    COVALENT BONDING
    Bonding pairs (electron involved in covalent
    bonding) and lone pairs (not involved in
    bonding)

    30

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